基于模拟试验法的离散公差稳健设计

 在分析计算机辅助公差设计技术的研究现状的基础上，提出了基于模拟试验法的离散公差稳健设计方法．在该方法中将加工成本与质量损失作为两个独立的目标函数，从而建立离散公差优化设计模型，采用试验设计法和CP方法相结合的技术实现公差的稳健设计，最后用实例证明该方法的可行性．     

退火炉保护气氛的安全控制

钟罩室退火护采用微压氢气作为保护气体，炉内压力的监控是保证安全生产不可忽视的必要手段，该文针对该公司选用的国产钟罩式退火护作了简要介绍，对国产钟罩式退火炉压力监控系统作了分析，指出了存在的缺陷，提出了改进措施。     

整体炉外热处理法对移动烟罩实施消应力退火

为了解决武钢三炼钢厂烟罩这类大型构件不便于在常规热处理炉内进行热处理的难题，根据有关工艺和标准要求对烟罩实施了整体炉外热处理，施工中采用在烟罩中段外部包扎保温材料，同时在烟罩两端搭设简易炉体的方法对烟罩进行保温，并制定相应的热处理施工工艺，对工件进行消除应力退火。退火后进行的应力测试表明，应用此种退火技术，工件的焊接残余应力的下降率可以达到60％以上，完全可以满足大型工件的消应力退火要求。     

爆炸预处理提高D级船板(WD钢)模拟CGHAZ韧性的研究

运用示波冲击和维氏硬度试验、扫描电镜断口和电子探针能谱分析、图象仪测定等手段研究了爆炸预处理对WD钢模拟CGHAZ韧性的影响，发现爆炸预处理具有显著提高WD钢大线能量(50kJ／cm)模拟CGHAZ韧性的效果，提高幅度达118％，其原因在于细化原奥氏体晶粒，生成了较多的先共析多边铁素体，软化了组织。     

Lifetime and ageing management of nuclear power plants: A brief overview of some light water reactor component ageing degradation problems and ways of mitigation

The susceptibility and tendency for nuclear power plant (NPP) components to undergo changes in their mechanical and physical properties in the course of the NPP lifetime is generally termed as “ageing”. The light water reactor (LWR) nuclear environment is not a begnign one; it is characterized not only by fast neutrons, which can degrade metallic structures, but also relatively high temperatures of coolant water (around 300°C) which may contain impurities (e.g. sulphate, chloride, peroxides) which can cause corrosion. The hydrodynamical conditions of the coolant in steam generators, for example, can cause thermal fatigue, erosion and corrosion; suspended particulate matter can accelerate erosion processes which can lead to wall thinning and lowering of safety margins. Ageing is, therefore, a very complex mixture of factors concerned with materials, temperatures, times of exposure to environments which vary with time and with respect to chemical composition and flow charactertistics.

The paper describes a few ageing phenomena which can be considered important due to their impact on nuclear safety issues; their influence on economic aspects (availability) of NPP is outlined. Mitigation measures for NPP component ageing problems are given together with recommendations for addressing such issues in NPP now and in the future.     

Effect of Post Annealing on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of NdFeB/α-Fe/NdFeB Thin Films

A series of nanocomposite thin films, composed of Nd2Fe14B and α-Fe, has been prepared by DC-magnetron sputtering combined ion beam sputtering onto Si (100) substrates. The effects of post annealing on the microstructure and magnetic properties of [NdFeB/α-Fe/NdFeB]-type thin films have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study showed that annealing of the films for 30min at temperatures 550,600,650,700℃ resulted in the appearance of diffraction peaks, characteristic for Nd2Fe14B tetragonal structure, α-Fe and Nd2O3 phases. The investigation using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) with a maximum applied field of 2 T indicated that with the increase of the annealing temperature, the magnetic properties of the multilayer films were improved and reached peak value at 650℃ (Hci=41.72kA·m-1, Mr/Ms=0.4, (BH)max=30.35kJ·m-3), after which the magnetic properties were decreased greatly. Along with the increase of the thickness of α-Fe layer from Tα-Fe16nm, the coercivity Hci, saturation magnetization Ms, and remanence ratio Mr/Ms all declined. As the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) indicated, after being annealed at 650℃ for 30min, the sample was showed fine surface morphology with grain size 60nm≤dα-Fe≤80nm and 100nm≤dNdFeB≤150nm.     

Effect of Microstructure on the Accelerated Creep of 20CrMoV12‐1 and P 91 Steels

In the initial part the change of microstructure for steel X20 CrMoV 121 is discussed in terms of the distribution of carbide precipitates and its effects on accelerated creep resistance and hardness are presented. In the following, experimental results of microstructure and accelerated creep resistance are presented for the steels X20CrMoV 121 and P91 annealed for up to 8760 hours at 650°C and 750°C before the testing. A similar evolution of the distribution of carbide particles of a size above 102 nm is found for both steels, while the accelerated creep resistance is diminished much stronger for the steel X20CrMoV 121. This difference is due to a greater stability of NbC than that of VC precipitates, both related to the evolution of the chemical composition of complex chromium, molybdenum and iron carbide particles.     

Electrical properties at p-ZnSe/metal interfaces

In order to prepare low resistance ohmic contacts to p-ZnSn by the “deposition and annealing (DA)” technique which has been extensively used for GaAs and Si-based devices, formation of a heavily doped layer by the p-ZnSe/metal reaction is required. For p-ZnSe/Ni contacts, Ni and Se reacted preferentially at the ZnSe/Ni interface upon annealing at temperatures higher than 250°C. However, capacitance-voltage measurements showed that the net acceptor concentration (N_A-N_D) close to the p-ZnSe/Ni interface was reduced upon the Ni/ZnSe reaction, resulting in high contact resistance. For p-ZnSe/Au contacts, neither Au/ZnSe reaction nor reduction of the acceptor concentration were observed after annealing at temperatures lower than 300°C. This indicates that although the metal/p-ZnSe reaction is mandatory to prepare a heavily doped layer, the reaction induced an increase in the compensation donors in the p-ZnSe substrate. In order to increase the acceptor concentration in the vicinity of the p-ZnSe/metal interface through diffusion from the contact materials, Li or O which was reported to play the role of an acceptor in ZnSe was deposited with a contact metal and annealed at elevated temperatures. Ni or Ag was selected as the contact metal, because these metals were expected to enhance Li or O doping by reacting with ZnSe. However, the current density-voltage characteristics of the Li(N)/Ni and Ag(O) contacts exhibited rectifying behavior, and the contact resistances increased with increasing annealing temperature. The present results indicated that, even though the acceptor concentration in the p-ZnSe substrate increased by diffusion of the dopants from the contact elements, an increment of the compensation donors was larger than that of the acceptors. The present experiments indicated that preparation of low resistance ohmic contacts by forming a heavily doped intermediate layer between p-ZnSe and metal is extremely difficult by the DA technique.     

陶瓷材料的冷加工与热处理

综述评述最近发展起来的陶瓷材料的烧结后冷加工热处理法“控制破碎成形加工法”，着重介绍该方法的由业，阐明其理论与实验基础，同时，介绍其应用并讨论其发展前景。     

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Kirkpatrick于1982年认识到固体粒子退火过程和组合优化问题有相似性，从而提出了模拟退火算法，并从数学上已证明了模拟退火算法可以取得全局最优解。相比之下，传统的最优化法只能求局部最优值。在计算物质平衡方程时，存在很多不确定的参数，给精确计算带来了一定困难。因此，本文引入模拟退火算法求解物质平衡方程。