Zeolite-Polymer Composite Materials as Water Scavenger

The influence of the charge compensating cation nature (Na⁺, Mg²⁺) on the water adsorption properties of LTA-type zeolites used as filler in composite materials (zeolite/polymers) was investigated. Large scale cation exchanges were performed on zeolite powder at 80 °C for 2 h using 1 M magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) aqueous solutions. XRF, ICP, and EDX analyses indicate a successful cationic exchange process without the modification of the zeolite structure as shown by XRD and solid-state NMR analyses. Composite materials (granulates and molded parts) were manufactured using to extrusion and injection processes. In the case of MgA zeolite, nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiments allowed us to measure a microporous volume, unlike NaA zeolite, which is non-porous to nitrogen probe molecule. SEM and EDX analyses highlighted the homogeneous distribution of zeolite crystals into the polymer matrix. Water adsorption capacities confirmed that the trends observed in the zeolite powder samples are preserved after dragging zeolites into composite formulations. Granulates and molded parts composite samples containing the magnesium exchanged zeolite showed an increase of their water adsorption capacity up to +27% in comparison to composite samples containing the non-exchanged zeolite. The MgA composite is more promising for water decontamination applications due to its higher water adsorption properties than the NaA composite.     

Wide range humidity sensing of LiCl incorporated in mesoporous silica circular discs

Lithium chloride (LiCl) incorporated MCM-41 has been synthesised by sol-gel method using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a precursor in basic medium. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 wt% of LiCl were incorporated in mesoporous silica to investigate the humidity sensing. With increasing wt% of LiCl broadening of O–H peak is observed in the Fourier Transform Infrared spectra, indicating greater adsorption of hydroxyl groups on porous silica. The surface area of the MCM-41 circular discs was determined by Brunauer?Emmett?Teller (BET). Scanning electron microscopy images suggest that incorporation of LiCl leads to coalescence of grains in mesoporous silica. 25 wt% LiCl incorporated MCM-41 showed a wide range linear response of impedance change for 11%–90% RH exhibiting 3.5-order drop in impedance at a 1 kHz frequency. The Nyquist plots for all compositions showed increased ionic conduction with increasing relative humidity.     

不同水胶比混凝土内部温湿度长期变化规律研究

鉴于混凝土内部温湿度显著影响混凝土耐久性, 为研究混凝土内部温湿度长期的变化规律, 将不同水胶比混凝土放置于室内大气环境中, 并测量其距离表面3cm、5cm、7cm及9cm处140d内温湿度的演变规律. 研究结果表明: 正常室温条件下, 混凝土内部温度变化主要受环境温度影响, 且与环境温度变化趋势基本相同, 浇筑完成7d后内部温度与环境温度温差大约为2℃, 60d以后内外温差基本消失. 高水灰比混凝土内部含水量充足, 140d内部相对湿度一直保持在85%以上; 低水灰比混凝土内部含水量较少, 早期相对湿度变化受水化耗水影响明显, 混凝土内部相对湿度存在明显梯度差, 5cm、7cm处相对湿度最低分别为60.18%和29.83%; 随着水化作用进行, 长期来看混凝土内部湿度逐步与环境湿度趋于一致.     

Effect of Humidity on Ammonia Gas Sensitivity of Intrinsically Conducting Composite Films

Summary: The effect of humidity on the ammonia gas (NH₃) detection of conducting composite films was investigated. The first results showed that the presence of humidity, acting as interference gas, modifies the behaviour of sensors in the presence of ammonia. However, the behaviour study at atmosphere without ammonia of our materials in controlled temperature and humidity allowed distinguishing atmospheric effect from NH₃ pollution.     

苯乙烯-NOx光照的二次有机气溶胶生成

在烟雾箱内研究了温度为(301±2) K时苯乙烯-NO_x-air光照体系生成的二次有机气溶胶(SOA). 分别探讨了高相对湿度(RH＝72%)对SOA的化学组分、数浓度、产率等的影响. 通过长光程傅立叶红外(FTIR)得到苯乙烯-NO_x光照体系的气相产物主要有甲醛、苯甲醛、甲酸和CO等. 采用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜对SOA进行富集, 用FTIR对其化学组分进行分析, 推得SOA的主要物种有过氧苯甲酸硝酸酯、苯甲酸羟基苯基甲酯和苯甲酸. 高相对湿度时气相产物中甲酸量显著提高, 同时SOA红外谱图中新增加了苯甲酸, 而酯中的羰基吸收峰却比低相对湿度时降低了, 从而证实了H₂O与Criegee双自由基反应生成苯甲酸的路径, 同时也间接地说明了Criegee双自由基与苯甲醛反应生成苯甲酸羟基苯基甲酯的存在. 高相对湿度时SOA的数浓度比低相对湿度时降低了约36%～44%, 但根据在膜上的SOA质量得到高相对湿度时SOA产率比低相对湿度时提高了约40%, 说明高相对湿度增大了SOA的粒子尺度.     

脉冲电晕放电中OH自由基的发射光谱研究

采用发射光谱法测量了在加湿的空气、氮气、氩气3种气体背景下脉冲电晕放电产生的OH自由基,通过对发射谱线的分析,研究了在3种背景条件下,脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率等因素对OH自由基产生过程的影响,着重研究了气体湿度对OH自由基产生过程的影响以及OH自由基在放电电场中的分布特性。实验表明OH自由基的生成量随脉冲峰值电压和脉冲频率的增大而增大,而湿度变化对其影响则与放电背景环境有关,不同背景气体下其变化规律也不相同。空气中放电时产生的OH自由基数量随湿度的增大而增大,氮气中OH自由基的生成量随湿度增大呈先增大后减小趋势,而氩气中OH自由基数量随湿度的增大呈先减少后增大趋势。OH自由基在放电电场中的分布呈从针电极中心向四周逐渐减少趋势。     

Electronic conductivity of pyrrole and aniline thin films polymerized by plasma

In this article, we present a study of the influence of temperature and humidity on the electric conductivity of polyaniline and polypyrrole thin films doped with iodine and synthesized by plasma (PAn/I and PPy/I, respectively). The polymers presented the characteristic ohmic conduction mechanism via electrons; however, the conductivity was much lower than that presented by the polymers obtained by traditional chemical oxidation. We submitted the polymers to heating–cooling cycles to study the temperature dependence of the conductivity. During the heating stage of the cycles, the electric conductivity of PPy/I showed a strong dependence on the humidity content. However, during the cooling step, the plots of conductivity, as a function of the inverse temperature of PPy/I and PAn/I, showed typical Arrhenius behavior. The activation energy of PPy/I had an average value of 1.1 ± 0.1 eV and was independent of the reaction time, whereas PAn/I presented a more complex behavior with activation energies that depended on the reaction time and the regional crystallinity induced in the heating step of the cycles. All the activation energies were below 2 eV, which places them in the semiconductor regime. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 3247–3255, 2000     

Resistive‐type humidity sensors based on PVP–Co and PVP–I2 complexes

Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) films containing cobalt chloride or iodine were investigated to obtain information on their possible use as a humidity sensor element. FTIR and UV‐VIS spectroscopies were used to characterize the PVP–I₂ and PVP–Co complexes. Infrared spectroscopy revealed a structural change of both shape and intensity of the carbonyl and lactam bands, indicating the formation of an ion‐coordination polymer. The J–E curves for pure PVP, PVP–I₂, and PVP–Co films obey ohm's law at low voltages, deviate from the linear response at higher voltages, and finally display breakdown behavior. An increase in current density of the PVP matrix with iodine or cobalt doping is attributed to the formation of charge transfer complexes. The observed hysteresis of the I–V characteristics implies that there was some standing voltage in the film, which could be attributed to a disorientation of polar side groups of PVP. The electrical conductivities of the polymeric complexes were very sensitive to environmental humidity. An explanation of the humidity‐sensing behavior of the PVP–I₂ and PVP–Co complexes is presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 459–469, 2001     

A Novel Humidity-Sensitive Material Based on PDEB with Nickel Complex Catalyst

lntr0ducti0nHumidityisaveryimportantphysicalpr0perty,andinrecentyears,theresearch0nhu-miditysensors,whichfocused0nl0okingforproperhumidity-sensitivematerials,hasattractedmoreandmoreattentionw0rldwide.l~2PDEBisahydrophobicpoIymerwithhighrr-c0njugatedstructure,whichpresentsitwithpotentialapplicationinelectr0nics.'~'Inourrecentstudy,itwasfoundtobesensi-tivetohumiditychange,whichmakesitap0tentialhumidity-sensitivematerialf0rhu-miditysensors.However,acc0rdingt0literatures,PDEBpreparedisinsoluble…     

一种修饰钙掺杂钛酸铅湿敏纳米薄膜的新方法——钾修饰薄膜的制备、湿敏特性和结构表征

为了使感湿性能很差的钛酸铅湿敏改性，选取Ti(O-n-Bu)_4，Pb(OAc)_2和Ca (OAc)_2为起始物，采用溶胶-旋涂法以及烧结晶化过程，在镀有Ag-Pd合金叉指电 极的α-Al_2O_3基片上制备了钾修饰的钙掺杂钛酸铅纳米湿敏薄膜(K~+-Ca_xPb_ (1-x)TiO_3，缩写为K-CPT)。在(20 ± 0.1) ℃常温下、相对湿度RH=8.0%～93.6 之间5个检测点上测试了K-CPT的阻-温特性，并与纯钛酸铅薄膜（PT）、钙掺杂钛 酸铅薄膜(CPT)以及锂修饰的钙掺杂钛酸铅薄膜(Li-CPT)进行了比较，对工艺进行 了正交实验和研究。结果表明：在x = 0.35，K~+含量为1%(K/Ti, mol/mol)，以及 850 ℃/1h的烧结晶化成瓷条件下，所制得的陶瓷薄膜在RH=8.0%～93.6%的实测范 围内，灵敏度S=3.3*10~3，感湿响应时间τ=15s，湿滞 ≤ ±2%；而在RH=0%～ 100%的全湿范围内，总的电阻值降低值约为10~4 kΩ，即全湿范围内的灵敏度可达 四个数量级；S=10~4kΩ/100△RH(%)。通过XRD，SEM和TEM手段对薄膜的晶相结构 及显微结构进行了表征，薄膜为四方多晶，具有网状孔道和岛形晶界，晶粒呈极度 化定向排列的电畴结构，粒度为10nm，岛的平均面积为4μm*5μm。