Acute Patellofemoral Dislocation: Controversial Decision-Making

Purpose of ReviewThe topic of acute patella dislocations is controversial. Discussions revolve around which individuals need early surgery, identification of risk factors, and rehabilitation protocol. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current recommendations for non-operative and/or operative management of first-time dislocators.Recent FindingsRecent studies have made it clear that not all patellar dislocations are the same, not all patients do well with conservative treatment, and risk stratification can identify individuals at high risk of recurrence who would benefit from early surgical intervention. Risk factors that have been identified include younger age, skeletally immature, contralateral instability, trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, and increased patella tilt. The PAPI (Pediatric and Adolescent Patellar Instability) RCT study and JUPITER (Justifying Patellar Instability Treatment by Early Results) prospective cohort study have been carefully developed, are under way, and will provide further guidance.SummaryIn summary, the management of acute patellar dislocations is evolving. Surgery for patients with osteochondral loose bodies should include fixation as well as soft tissue stabilization. The standard of care for patients with an acute patellar dislocation without osteochondral loose bodies or fracture is non-operative treatment. However, imaging for all first-time dislocators is indicated to stratify risks and determine risk profile. If an individual is at high risk, soft tissue stabilization may be considered. Still, most patients will be treated non-operatively.     

Does closed treatment of paediatric mandibular condyle fractures result in restitutional remodelling?

The treatment of paediatric mandibular condylar fracture (PMCF) is typically non-operative. The purpose of this study was to determine if non-operative management of PMCF results in a new condylar process of normal morphology to regenerate after closed treatment (restitutional remodelling). The specific aim of the study was to observe restitutional remodelling (RM) in PMCF and review the literature. The investigators designed and implemented a retrospective study on paediatric patients (age < 12) with unilateral or bilateral condyle fractures treated with non-operative treatment between January 2005 and July 2015. Patients with complete records and at least 1-year follow-up were included in the study. Primary outcome variable was RM and secondary outcome variables were occlusion, maximal incisal opening (MIO), displacement, infection, facial asymmetry, and signs of temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA). The study evaluated 41 patients {n = 57 PMCF, (m:f-35:6)} of unilateral (n = 25) and bilateral (n = 16) PMCF. Fractured condyles remodelled to normal morphology in all the cases at follow-up. The Wilcoxon test revealed a statistically significant difference in MIO from the preoperative value to postoperative (p = 0.001). Occlusion (except 1) was satisfactory in all cases, at follow-up with no gross facial asymmetry. There was no sign of infection at the surgical site (anterior mandible). None of the patients showed signs of TMJA at follow-up. The result of the present study demonstrates that RM of condylar fracture occurs with non-operative management. Non-operative management should be the point of care in PMCF, owing to the rapid RM, bone regeneration, and satisfactory outcome. Review of the literature also supports closed treatment.     

Non-surgical management and return to play of an anterior cruciate ligament rupture: A case report

BackgroundThe rates of athletic anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLRu) and subsequent surgical reconstructions are on the rise. Given the associated sub-optimal return to play (RTP) and re-injury rates, alternative management strategies, such and non-operative management, are being increasingly explored. Research demonstrates that there may be a subset of patients with ACLRu, who will benefit from non-surgical management.ObjectivesIn this case report, we aim to detail the comprehensive management involved in a 26.5-week RTP program for an athlete whose ACLRu was rehabilitated without surgical reconstruction.Clinical featuresThe patient suffered a left knee injury resulting in mild knee pain and effusion, with mild stiffness at the end range of knee flexion. On further examination, a slight left knee strength deficit with positive anterior drawer and Lachman's tests were found consistent with ACLRu, which was confirmed with MRI.Interventions and outcomesThe patient was classified as an ACL deficient coper after an initial 8-week conservative rehabilitation approach to the injury. The patient completed their RTP protocol over a total of 26.5 weeks, inclusive of initial strength and neuromuscular control training, a gradual return to restricted non-competitive training, through to competitive unrestricted training and eventual RTP. The RTP was without incident, with the patient achieving sufficient limb strength and power symmetry (>90%), adequate patient-reported outcomes and psychological readiness score before RTP.ConclusionIn select sportspeople, the non-operative ACLRu management may represent a viable and accelerated management strategy for successful RTP. However, more detailed guidelines are needed to guide the RTP process.     

脾破裂的保脾治疗

目的：对比选择性脾动脉栓塞术与非手术治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床应用。方法：回顾性分析1995～2006年进行的18例选择性脾动脉栓塞和30例非手术治疗脾破裂的患者。结果：选择性脾动脉栓塞组无输血,非手术组1例输血。选择性脾动脉栓塞组2例并发左侧胸腔积液,1例并发左下肺感染;非手术组1例出现并发脾周脓肿（P=0.298）。非手术组保脾成功率为81.3%（26/32）,选择性脾动脉栓塞组成功率为100%（23/23,P=0.035）。两组患者均无死亡病例。选择性脾动脉栓塞组平均住院（7.9±2.1）d,非手术组平均住院（11.9±4.6）d,P=0.045。结论：脾Ⅰ、Ⅱ级损伤适宜保脾治疗,选择性脾动脉栓塞术比非手术治疗更为安全有效。     

Retroperitoneal duodenal perforation and IVC injury in blunt abdominal trauma: Pushing the boundaries of non-operative management? Brief report and a review of the literature

IntroductionDuodenal injuries present a significant challenge for trauma management because of the associated injuries and its anatomical inaccessibility. Surgical management can range from simple repair, Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomies, T-tube decompression, or even pancreaticoduodenectomy as a last resort. Conservative treatment is very rarely described in the literature and in this report we present a case of retroperitoneal duodenal perforation with IVC injury successfully managed conservatively.Case report and discussionWe reviewed other cases described in the literature and attempt to identify the common characteristics which indicate the circumstances where conservative management might be successful. The described case, along with the three other cases reported in the literature, point to the feasibility of conservative management under the following conditions. The patient was coherent with reliable clinical symptoms and signs, which were stable and non-progressive. The retroperitoneal location of the perforation of the duodenum, without pancreatic or biliary injuries, allowed the possibility of non-operative management.In this described case, we demonstrate the feasibility of non operative management with an associated contained IVC injury. Although there is at least a 20-day observation period required for these cases, obviation of considerable surgical morbidity is a significant benefit.ConclusionWhilst our case may not qualify to demonstrate proof-of-concept in conservative management of duodenal perforation and IVC injury, we believe that given the appropriate clinical context, level of monitoring, availability of expertise, and evolution of clinical picture in the positive direction, in highly selected cases, non-operative management of retroperitoneal duodenal and IVC trauma is a viable option.     

Nonoperative management of odontoid fractures: A review of 59 cases

Objectives

Surgical treatment of odontoid fractures is recommended by many surgeons to prevent sudden neurologic injury or progressive myelopathy. Less aggressive approach to the treatment of odontoid fractures has been advocated by some authors especially in the elderly population. Very few reports have followed up patients’ outcomes following conservative treatment of odontoid fractures. Here we evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of patients without myelopathy treated without surgery for an odontoid type fracture.

Patients and methods

101 patients with traumatic odontoid fracture admitted to the Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center between 1998 and 2008. Fractures were defined using a CT scan according to the Anderson–D’Alonzo Classification. Conservative treatment was pursued in appropriately selected patients.

Results

Fifty-nine patients were selected to be treated in a cervical collar. Sixteen patients failed using radiographic evidence and continued neck pain. Fourteen patients went on to be surgically stabilized. The other two patients opted to continue with cervical orthosis and regular clinical evaluations. The Forty-three remaining patients had stable imaging studies and with no other complaints. None of the patients developed myelopathy symptoms during the follow-up period.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that a select group of patients with odontoid fracture who are deemed stable on initial evaluation in a cervical orthosis may be effectively managed non-operatively. None of the patients who were managed conservatively had clinical worsening during the period of management. The decision to proceed with surgical treatment was based on failure of resolution of neck pain or worsening or concerning instability on imaging studies. However in many patients, even elderly patients in a surgical risks are greater, many odontoid fractures can be safely managed in a cervical orthosis.     

颅脑损伤21例开颅术后非手术区颅内血肿发生因素的探讨

目的探讨颅脑损伤开颅术后非手术区迟发性颅内血肿（DTICH）的危险因素。方法回顾分析21例颅脑损伤术后发生非手术区DTICH病例的临床资料。结果发生在颅脑损伤开颅手术后的非手术区颅内血肿占同期的7．5％,86％合并脑挫裂伤,58．6％合并颅骨骨折。首次术前外伤原发性颅内血肿量较大,平均56．4ml。69％术后去骨瓣减压和常规颅外引流。术后非手术区DTICH发生在72h内,其中13例为硬膜外血肿,5例为脑内血肿,3例为混合性的硬膜外和硬脑膜下血肿。21例术后DTICH再次手术治疗,恢复良好5例,中度残疾5例,重度残疾6例,死亡5例,病死率为23．8％。结论颅脑损伤开颅术后非手术区迟发性颅内血肿可能是脑挫裂伤及颅骨骨折的结果,手术导致的颅内压急剧下降是主要危险因素。     

保守治疗儿童Ⅰ～Ⅲ级外伤性脾破裂48例

目的:探讨儿童外伤性脾破裂保守治疗的可行性及必要性。方法:回顾性分析48例儿童外伤性脾破裂保守治疗的临床资料。结果:5例患儿在保守治疗中出现血压下降及腹部多脏器损伤而中转手术,保守治疗成功的43例中有4例因过早下床活动而再出血,经再次保守治疗而痊愈,保守治疗成功率为89.6%,无患儿死亡,病死率为0。结论:在有条件的医疗单位,对脾损伤Ⅰ～Ⅱ级及部分Ⅲ级患儿行保守治疗较为安全。     

Imaging modalities and management of pediatric high-grade renal trauma in an Indonesian tertiary hospital: a report of two cases and literature review

As one of the most commonly injured organs in the genitourinary system during trauma, a thorough understanding of pediatric renal trauma''s diagnosis and management is essential for physicians. The improvement of imaging modalities in recent years has shifted most treatments to a conservative approach. Non-operative management could reduce the risk of nephrectomy while increasing renal salvage rate. However, high-grade pediatric renal injury management remains controversial. We aimed to report two children with high-grade renal trauma, diagnosed using computed tomography and retrograde pyelography studies, undergoing different approaches. The first patient underwent a nephrectomy, whereas the second patient underwent non-operative management.