The societal burden of osteoporosis in Sweden

In osteoporosis, the bone mass is decreased, thereby increasing the risk of fractures. Common osteoporotic fractures include those at the hip, the spine and the forearm. Fractures are a burden to society; in terms of costs, morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this study was to estimate the burden of osteoporosis in Sweden. The study used a prevalence-based bottom-up approach to estimate the total annual burden of osteoporosis in Sweden. The burden was assessed from a societal perspective including medical care costs, non-medical care costs, informal care and indirect costs. Moreover, the value of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) lost because of fractures was included in the total burden estimations.

The total annual fracture cost was estimated at MSEK 5639, which is about 3.2% of the total health care costs in Sweden. Community care was the most important cost category accounting for 66% of the total annual cost followed by medical care costs (31%), informal care (2%) and indirect costs (1%). By combining the annual value of QALYs lost (MSEK 10 354) and the annual fracture costs, the total annual societal burden of osteoporosis in Sweden was estimated at MSEK 15 183. Assuming no changes in the age-differentiated fracture risk, the annual burden of osteoporosis was projected to increase to MSEK 26 301 in the year 2050.

The present study shows the societal burden of osteoporosis in Sweden to be higher than previously perceived. This burden is substantial and must be acknowledged as an important health problem. Osteoporosis-related fractures do not only lead to high medical care costs but also to high community care costs.     

Intravenous Pamidronate in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type VII

Cyclical intravenous treatment with pamidronate is widely used to treat osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) types I, III, and IV, which are due to dominant mutations affecting collagen type I alpha chains. There is no information about the effects of pamidronate in children with OI type VII, an autosomal-recessive form of OI caused by a mutation in the cartilage-associated protein gene. In this retrospective single-center study, we compared the effects of pamidronate in four girls with OI type VII (age range 3.9–12.7 years) to those in eight girls with OI types caused by collagen type I mutations who were matched for age and disease severity. During 3 years of pamidronate therapy, lumbar spine areal bone mineral density increased and lumbar vertebral bodies improved in shape in patients with OI type VII. Other outcomes such as fracture rates and mobility scores did not show statistically significant changes in this small study cohort. There were no significant side effects noted during the time of follow-up. Thus, intravenous treatment with pamidronate seems to be safe and of some benefit in patients with OI type VII.     

循原骨折线截骨矫正跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 探讨循原骨折线截骨矫正跟骨骨折畸形愈合方法的可行性.方法 2004年8月至2007年5月,跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者25例28足,男23例26足,女2例2足;年龄22～56岁,平均31岁;受伤至手术时间1.5～12个月,平均4.6个月.采用循原骨折线截骨术进行治疗.按照Zwipp和Rammelt跟骨骨折畸形愈合的分类方法进行分类,其中Ⅲ型11例12足,Ⅳ型14例16足.术前均摄双足跟骨侧位、轴位X线片及行CT检查,12例患者(14足)行三维CT重建.根据Sander及Essex-Lopresti分类,参考原始X线片对不同骨折类型制定截骨线,重现原始骨折.根据CT轴位载距突及外侧骨块所带关节面的宽度和轴位骨折线的斜度从前外上到后内下斜行截骨,恢复跟骨的高度,将后关节骨折块向后上撬起,使塌陷的后关节面骨块复位.骨缺损处,用劈下的跟骨外侧壁填塞植骨,或取自体髂骨植骨,最后用钢板螺钉固定.结果 24例26足获得随访,随访时间10～16个月,平均12个月.骨折愈合时间10～14周,平均12周.2例发生伤口感染,经抗生素治疗后10周取出钢板伤口愈合.无一例发生钢板螺钉断裂和骨折再移位.按照Maryland足部评分标准,优10足,良12足,可4足,优良率84%.结论 循原骨折线截骨重现原始骨折,可恢复跟骨的骨性结构,能更好地矫正跟骨各方位畸形,同时保留距下关节,减少了手术对足踝功能的影响,近期疗效满意.     

骨盆损伤中移位骶骨骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨不稳定型骨盆损伤中移位骶骨骨折的手术方法及治疗效果.方法 对2000年9月至2007年9月收治的33例伴有骶骨骨折的骨盆损伤患者行手术治疗.根据AO/OTA的分型方法,骨盆B型损伤5例,C型28例.根据Denis的分型方法,骶骨I型骨折13例、Ⅱ型11例、Ⅲ型9例.其中早期合并原发性神经损伤23例.骶骨骨折应用张力带钢板固定1例;脊柱椎弓根钉棒系统经骨盆后方沿双侧髂嵴横向固定10例,经L_(4,5)或L_5S_1及双侧髂嵴后方纵向固定16例;骶髂螺钉固定3例;骶骨棒固定2例;骶髂螺钉联合骶骨棒固定1例.术中间期行椎板切除、马尾神经减压11例,二期行神经松解、骶前孔扩大术2例.结果 术后随访12～82个月,平均27.3个月.根据Majeed疗效标准,优17例、良7例、可2例、差7例.骶骨I型骨折疗效优良率为92.3%、Ⅱ型为72.7%、Ⅲ型为44.4%.神经损伤恢复情况在手术治疗组中优6例、良4例、无变化3例;在非手术治疗组中优6例、良1例、无变化3例.术后并发症包括腰骶部切口深部感染2例,腰骶僵硬不适2例.神经损伤一过性加重4例,迟发性骶神经损伤3例.结论 手术治疗是改善骶骨骨折复位质量的重要途径,骨盆前、后环损伤的联合制动是提高骨折内同定强度的有效方法.对手术指征明确的骶神经损伤,早期定位减压有助于其功能恢复.     

不同类型肩胛骨骨折手术入路的选择

目的 探讨不同类型肩胛骨骨折的手术人路选择标准、适应证及疗效.方法 1997年1月至2007年12月手术治疗肩胛骨骨折161例,男120例,女41例;年龄20～65岁,平均38岁.术前均行CT检查,其中94例行CT三维重建.单纯型骨折54例,混合型骨折107例,共302处.根据Miller分型:Ⅰ A型25例,Ⅰ B型23例,Ⅰ C型25例,ⅡA型26例,ⅡB型28例,ⅡC型29例,Ⅲ型54例,Ⅳ型92例.其中Ⅲ犁肩盂骨折根据Ideberg分型:ⅢA型11例,ⅢB型10例,ⅢC型12例,ⅢD型13例,ⅢE型8例.合并多发伤112例,其中锁骨骨折致浮肩损伤14例,肩胛上神经损伤8例,多发肋骨骨折87例,血气胸和(或)肺挫伤53例,颈椎损伤8例,同侧肩关节脱位15例,同侧肱骨近端骨折12例,肩胛胸壁分离1例.前方入路11例(Ⅰ C型7例、ⅢA型4例),标准后方入路12例(Ⅰ B型3例、Ⅱ型8例、Ⅲ型1例),后上人路14例(Ⅰ A型2例、Ⅰ B型1例、ⅢC型6例、ⅢD型5例),后外入路10例(ⅡA型3例、ⅢB型3例、ⅢC型2例、ⅢD型2例),前后联合入路22例,改良Judet入路92例.结果 所有病例随访3个月以上,其中32例随访1～7年,平均38.5个月.术后3个月Rowe疗效评价,优102例、良33例、可18例、差8例,优良率84.4%.结论 肩胛骨骨折术前需完善影像学检查明确骨折类型和手术目标区.针对骨折类型选择手术入路,以操作安全、简单便捷、出血量少、损伤小、暴露骨折充分为原则.     

跟骨骨折与足肌筋膜室综合征

目的：观察跟骨骨折和足肌筋膜室综合征发生的关系。方法：自2003年4月至2008年3月各型跟骨骨折患者78例,男72例,女6例;年龄17～56岁,平均34．2岁。对其中出现严重肿胀的54足采用Whiteside法测压装置监测足底筋膜室的压力,8例确诊为足肌筋膜室综合征。8例经足底内侧切口减压,全足肿胀很快消退,术后5-10d减压切口得以缝合。结果：8例患者随访7～12个月全足运动感觉正常,无爪形趾、足弓挛缩、足趾僵硬等表现。结论：足肌筋膜室综合征一般发生在跟骨骨折后1～3d内,Sandens Ⅱ—Ⅳ型骨折易并发足肌筋膜室综合征。     

自体腓骨髓腔内移植并混合打压植骨治疗下肢管状骨缺损

下肢管状长骨干严重粉碎性骨折可引起下肢大段骨缺损是骨科临床治疗中较难处理的问题,2001年3月至2007年12月,应用自体腓骨髓腔内移植并自体松质骨和骨诱导人工骨混合打压植骨术治疗各种类型的下肢长骨干大段骨缺损26例,疗效满意。     

腰椎骨折并椎板破裂疝10例报告

自1996年6月至2008年6月,对所手术110例腰椎骨折中的54例患者实施椎管减压,发现椎板破裂伴硬膜或马尾神经疝出者10例,此类病为椎板破裂所致,故称其为椎板破裂疝。     

手法整复治疗跟骨骨折36例

自2002年至2007年,采用俯卧屈膝足背贴胸法整复跟骨骨折36例,取得了满意的疗效,现总结如下。     

强直性脊柱炎合并颈胸段脊柱骨折脱位的诊治

目的：探讨强直性脊柱炎（AS）合并颈胸段脊柱骨折脱位的病理临床特点、治疗方法及围手术期注意事项。方法：回顾分析2001年1月至2009年3月收治手术的13例AS合并颈胸段脊柱骨折脱位病例,男11例,年龄33-60岁,平均46岁;女2例,年龄36-59岁,平均47．5岁。AS病程12—27年,平均14．5年。主要临床表现为颈肩部疼痛,可伴有四肢肌力减弱、上肢感觉麻木等,X线片示颈胸段脊柱连续性中断,HIA—B27阳性。观察术后骨折愈合及脊髓神经功能改善情况（ASIA评分）。结果：13例中,6例行颈前路单间隙减压内固定术,4例行颈前路椎体次全切减压内固定术,1例行颈后路全椎板减压侧块螺钉内固定术,2例行前后联合入路复位减压内固定术。术后随访12～43个月,平均35．6个月,骨折脱位复位良好,均获得骨性融合。术后神经功能除1例A级无明显改善外,其余均有不同程度恢复。围手术期并发症5例。结论：AS合并颈胸段脊柱骨折多为不稳定的三柱骨折,常需手术治疗,术前合理选择手术适应证及术式,可减少并发症,获得较好的神经功能恢复。