Spatial patterns of Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation and its numerical simulation

In order to investigate the spatial patterns of the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation （TBO） on the global scale, the Climate Prediction Center （CPC） Merged Analysis of Precipitation （CMAP） monthly averaged precipitation and the Climate Diagnostics Center （CDC） monthly outgoing long-wave radiation （OLR） and SST are used in conjunction with TBO bandpass-filtering. The results indicate active biennial variability in the tropical eastern-central Pacific regions. It is evident that observations reflect the biennial component of the ENSO rather than the TBO itself. Since some studies have pointed out that the TBO is a broad-scale phenomenon differing from the ENSO, to investigate the pure TBO the ENSO signal must be excluded. The Scale Interaction Experiment-FRCGC （SINTEX-F） coupled general circulation model （CGCM） developed at Japan Frontier Research Center for Global Change （FRCGC） can capture both the ENSO and the biennial signals. Air-sea interactions in the tropical eastern-central Pacific are decoupled to eliminate the effects of ENSO in a experiment by SINTEX-F and the results show that biennial variability still exists even without ENSO. It seems to mean that the TBO and ENSO are independent from each other. Furthermore, the model results indicate that the two key regions are southwest Sumatra and the tropical western Pacific for the TBO cycle.     

The Role of In Situ Photochemistry in the Control of Ozone during Spring at the Jungfraujoch (3,580 m asl) – Comparison of Model Results with Measurements

A photochemical box model has been used to model themeasured diurnal ozone cycle in spring at Jungfraujochin the Swiss Alps. The comparison of the modelleddiurnal ozone cycle with the mean measured diurnalozone cycle in spring, over the period 1988–1996,shows a good agreement both with regard to the shapeand amplitude. Ozone concentrations increase duringthe daytime and reach a maximum at about 16:00–17:00(GMT) in both the modelled and the mean observed ozonecycle, indicative of net ozone production during thedaytime at Jungfraujoch in spring. The agreement isbetter when the modelled ozone cycle is compared withthe mean measured diurnal cycle (1988–1996) filteredfor north-westerly winds >5 m/s (representative ofregional background conditions at Jungfraujoch). Inaddition to ozone, the modelled diurnal cycle of[HO₂] + [CH₃O₂] also shows rather goodagreement with the mean diurnal cycle of the peroxyradicals measured during FREETEX '96, a FREETropopsheric Experiment at Jungfraujoch in April/May1996. Furthermore, this mean diurnal cycle of the sumof the peroxy radicals measured during FREETEX '96 isused to calculate, using steady-state expressions, therespective diurnal cycle of the OH radical. Thecomparison of the OH diurnal cycle, calculated fromthe peroxy radical measurements during FREETEX '96,with the modelled one, reveals also good agreement.The net ozone production rate during the day-time is0.27 ppbv h^-1 from the model, and 0.13 ppbvh^-1 from the observations during FREETEX '96. Theobservations and model results both suggest that thediurnal ozone variation in spring at Jungfraujoch isprimarily of photochemical origin. Furthermore, theobserved and modelled positive net ozone productionrates imply that tropospheric in situphotochemistry contributes significantly to theobserved high spring ozone values in the observedbroad spring-summer ozone maximum at Jungfraujoch.     

The photochemistry of synoptic-scale ozone synthesis: Implications for the global tropospheric ozone budget

The oxidation of nonmethane hydrocarbons represents a source of tropospheric ozone that is primarily confined to the boundary layers of several highly industrialized regions. (Each region has an area greater than one million km²). Using a photochemical model, the global tropospheric ozone budget is reexamined by including the in-situ production from these localized regimes. The results from these calculations suggest that the net source due to this photochemistry, which takes place on the synoptic scale, is approximately as large as the amount calculated for global scale photochemical processes which consider only the oxidation of methane and carbon monoxide. Such a finding may have a considerable impact on our understanding of the tropospheric ozone budget. The model results for ozone show reasonable agreement with the climatological summer distribution of ozone and the oxides of nitrogen at the surface and with the vertical distribution of ozone and nonmethane hydrocarbons obtained during a 1980 field program.     

Alkyl nitrate formation from the atmospheric photoxidation of alkanes; a revised estimation method

The available experimental data concerning the yields of alkyl nitrates in the reactions of alkyl peroxy radicals with NO have been used to derive a revised expression for the estimation of alkyl nitrate yields in the atmospheric photooxidation of alkanes as a function of temperature and pressure. This revised expression gives more reasonable predictions of alkyl nitrate yields under high altitude tropospheric conditions than that which has been previously published.     

Sensitivity Studies for Monitoring Tropospheric Ozone from Space Using the Ultraviolet,Visible,and Polarization Bands

The authors analyzed the retrieval sensitivity of tropospheric ozone using simulated the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 （GOME-2） measurements. The retrieval sensitivity was evaluated by the degree of free- dom for signal （DFS）. The combination of the ultraviolet （UV）, UV polarization （UVPOL）, and visible （VIS） bands enhances DFS of tropospheric ozone and improves the vertical resolution of the retrieved ozone profile. UVPOL reduces the dependence on solar zenith angle, mainly in- creases the sensitivity in upper troposphere. Polarization increased the DFS by 20% on the eastern side of the GOME-2 orbit, with little improvement on the western side because the increase in DFS due to polarization is depend- ent on the relative azimuth angle. The inclusion of the visi- ble band reduces significantly the dependence on viewing geometry, and mainly increases the DFS in the lower tro- posphere （0-6 kin） by a factor of two. It was possible to retrieve several independent pieces of tropospheric ozone information from GOME-2 UV/UVPOL/VIS measure- ments, especially in the lower troposphere.     

GPS监测水汽与水汽辐射计数据的对比研究

针对水汽辐射计观测数据和并址的GPS观测数据,用GAMIT软件求解了台站的天顶总延迟和湿项延迟。运用湿项延迟与水汽含量之间的转换关系,对GPS监测的大气可降水量与水汽辐射计观测的水汽含量进行了对比研究,得出结果：由GAMIT解算出的水汽含量与WVR观测值的差值平均值为0．02mm,均方差为0．02mm,由气象文件求出的水汽含量与WVR观测值的差值平均值为0．03mm,均方差为0．02mm。表明用地面GPS监测大气水汽含量是完全可行的。     

��ѹ��GPS�����ɽ�ˮ�������Ӱ�����

????????????λ?ο??????????????GPS?????????????????????????ZTD???????????????ZHD???????????????????????GPS/MET????????У?ZTD??GPS?????????????????????????????????????????????????Щ?????????????GPT????????????????????????????????????й????????????t??????????????????????????????GPS???λ?ò???μ????Σ??????????????λ?ù???????????????????????????GPS???????????????????     

基于网络法时序InSAR大气误差校正方法研究

将大气相位延迟对干涉图的影响分为3个主要分量,分别采用网络法进行解算和消除。以西藏崩错地区为实验区,利用2007~2010年期间20景ENVISAT ASAR数据对该方法进行验证,并采用一维协方差函数分别对校正前后的大气延迟误差进行估计。结果显示,协方差函数中平均方差从原来的3.1 mm²降到0.6mm²,降低了80%;e-folding波长从原来的1.5 km减低到0.21 km,减低了86%,说明网络法可以有效地校正干涉图中的大气相位延迟误差。     

地震预警信息发布时延分析

对地震预警信息发布时延作调研后认为,预警接收终端的发布时延小于1 s;广播、电视发布时延为几s;互联网发布（新媒体、手机APP、第三方平台推送）时效性受并发量影响,在千万级用户时发布时延是30～40 s。因此,应采用分区域分级发布策略,以提高发布时效。以汶川地震为例,针对社会公众发布预警信息的时效分析结果表明,在首台触发3～4 s内开始发布预警信息,震中20～50 km范围内95%以上的网民有1～7 s的预警时间,而破裂最大区域（北川）95%以上的网民将获得30 s以上的预警时间。     

InSARʱ�򷨷�������ӳ���λ����μ�MODISˮ������Է���

????????????????????ε?????????????????????????40??Envisat ASAR?????д???????????飬????????????????λ????κ?MODIS???????????????з?????