滑坡的摩擦力与正压力力偶的地震波场模拟

滑坡的地震波反演是确定滑坡动力学过程的有效途径.然而,目前的滑坡地震波反演大多基于点源模型,将滑坡面近似为点源,仅考虑滑体作用于滑床的摩擦力及其变化.但实际滑坡过程中,由于重力和滑动距离的存在,滑床还受到一个逐渐增加的正压力力偶作用.为定量探讨这一正压力力偶对滑坡地震波场的贡献,我们基于有限滑坡面模型,分别正演模拟了滑坡过程中摩擦力和正压力力偶的地震波场,得到了正压力力偶地震波场在整个滑坡地震波场中的能量比例及其随距离的变化.研究发现,正压力力偶地震波场具备近场项衰减特征,相较于摩擦力波场随距离衰减更快.正演模拟显示,正压力力偶地震波场在滑坡尺度2~3倍距离范围内较为显著;但在更远距离上,由于其幅度大致随距离的平方衰减,其贡献几可忽略.此外,正压力力偶波场在波形特征上与摩擦力波场也存在明显区别,二者的相对大小与摩擦系数和坡度等参数密切相关.本文模拟分析表明,完整的滑坡近场地震波场应该同时考虑摩擦力和正压力力偶的贡献;滑坡动力学参数反演中,利用近场地震波记录,考虑有限尺度的滑坡面,原则上我们不仅可以确定传统滑坡动力学参数,还有可能确定摩擦系数和流体压力等参数在空间上的变化分布.

     

高压下华北北缘二辉麻粒岩电导率的研究

借助于YJ-3000t紧装式六面顶固体高压设备,在1.0~2.0 GPa、523~1173 K条件下,利用Agilent 34401A数字电表和Solartron IS-1260阻抗-增益/相位分析仪,同时使用三种方法:交流阻抗谱法(频率范围0.05~106 Hz)、单频交流法(0.1 Hz)和直流法测量了华北北缘二辉麻粒岩的电导率.结果表明:在实验的温度和压力范围内,二辉麻粒岩电导率的变化在2.66×10-5~0.056 S·m-1之间,电导率对压力没有很强的依赖性;随着温度的升高,电导率增大,遵循Arrenhius关系式,其指前因子为8.95~17.9 S·m-1,活化能为0.569~0.605 eV.对比三种方法获得的电导率数据,发现阻抗谱法测量结果大于单频法测量结果,直流法测得的结果最低,但是,三种方法获得的电导率差值除两个低温点外,绝大多数都很小(Δlgσ<0.20 lg(S/m)).结合现今华北克拉通地热学参数及地壳分层结构,依据实验获得的电导率温度关系建立了电导率-深度剖面.并将其与大地电磁测深获得的地壳电性结构进行了对比,结果表明二辉麻粒岩的电导率与华北北缘的中地壳底部和下地壳底部电导率值的区域相交,再结合高温高压下二辉麻粒岩的弹性波速度剖面与地震折射剖面的对比,认为二辉麻粒岩有可能是组成华北北缘下地壳的岩石之一.     

盐用做高温高压实验传压介质一种新方法

固体传压高温高压岩石三轴实验中，固体传压介质是影响实验结果的重要因素，ＮａＣｌ介质以它流动性好，围压均匀等特点，八十年代以来越来越受到人们青睐。本文用ＮａＣｌ介质在〈３ＧＰａ固体传压三轴流变仪〉上进行了高温高压岩石流变特性的实验研究，并达到了较高的压力（〉２ＧＰａ）和温度（〉１２００℃）；本文同时利用ＮａＣｌ介质对样品装样方式及温度、压力等相关测定方面进行了研究。     

Urban carbon footprint and carbon cycle pressure：The case study of Nanjing

Urban carbon footprint reflects the impact and pressure of human activities on urban environment. Based on city level, this paper estimated carbon emissions and carbon footprint of Nanjing city, analyzed urban carbon footprint intensity and carbon cycle pressure and discussed the influencing factors of carbon footprint through LMDI decomposition model. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The total carbon emissions of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, in which the carbon emission from the use of fossil energy was the largest. Meanwhile, carbon sinks of Nanjing presented a declining trend since 2000, which caused the decrease of carbon compensation rate and the increase of urban carbon cycle pressure. (2) The total carbon footprint of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, and the carbon deficit was more than ten times of total land areas of Nanjing in 2009, which means Nanjing confronted high carbon cycle pressure. (3) Generally, carbon footprint intensity of Nanjing was on decrease and the carbon footprint productivity was on increase. This indicated that energy utilization rate and carbon efficiency of Nanjing was improved since 2000, and the policy for energy conservation and emission reduction taken by Nanjing's government received better effects. (4) Economic development, population and industrial structure are promoting factors for the increase of carbon footprint of Nanjing, while the industrial carbon footprint intensity was inhibitory factor. (5) Several countermeasures should be taken to decrease urban carbon footprint and alleviate carbon cycle pressure, such as: improvement of the energy efficiency, industrial structure reconstruction, afforestation and environmental protection and land use control. Generally, transition to low-carbon economy is essential for Chinese cities to realize sustainable development in the future.     

土体渗流固结参数识别方法

根据土体固结过程中超孔隙水压力观测资料,建立了基于遗传算法的土体渗流固结参数非线性识别方法,解决了经典高斯-牛顿极小化问题所存在的局部极小问题和最小二乘法所存在的当初始值选择不合适时迭代过程发散的问题,提出了根据观测仪器的精度,建立迭代终止条件的方法。数值计算结果表明,本文所提出的非线性反演方法适合于土体固结参数识别等类似的反问题。     

气举反循环钻进井壁稳定及适用性探讨

气举反循环工艺具有钻进效率高、携带岩屑能力强、防漏效果好以及钻头寿命长等优点,同时还可以提高流体矿产的产能。但是一般认为气举反循环钻进抽吸作用会产生负压,不利于井壁稳定,不宜在松散地层应用。本文通过计算气举反循环钻进环空水力参数,并从环空压力以及冲洗液流态、流速等方面探讨研究气举反循环钻进中井壁稳定及其适用性,指出通过选取合适的钻具组合以及调节冲洗液性能,可使气举反循环工艺对不同地层的适应性更广。     

Swelling Behaviour of Expansive Shales from the Middle Region of Saudi Arabia

Severe and widespread damage in residential buildings, sidewalks and pavements in various parts of the middle region of Saudi Arabia is caused by the development of heave and swelling pressure in the expansive shales in the region. This paper presents the problems and the geotechnical and physicochemical properties of the tested shales. The swelling potential was determined using various methods. Swell tests were conducted under different loading conditions and following different procedures to quantify the amount of vertical swell and swelling pressure. The conventional one-dimensional oedometer swell tests were performed using three different procedures, namely, free swell, constant volume swell and swell overburden. In addition, swell tests were performed in the stress path triaxial apparatus. Tests under different vertical stresses and confinements were conducted. Vertical swell and swelling pressure obtained from the various methods were compared. The reliability of the different methods for estimation of swelling potential is discussed.     

温度对平流层气溶胶光学常数及辐射特性的影响

本文阐述平流层气溶胶的光学常数在不同温度下取值时,用Mie散射理论对不同浓度的平流层气溶胶红外波段的辐射特性进行的计算和分析。分析结果表明:在卫星遥感中,由温度引起的平流层气溶胶光学常数的变化对某些红外波段的平流层气溶胶辐射特性的影响是不容忽视的。     

MEASURING AND MODELLING OF SOIL WATER DYNAMICS AND RUNOFF GENERATION IN AN AGRICULTURAL LOESSIAL HILLSLOPE

Surface runoff may be generated when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity, or when the soil profile is saturated with water. Indications exist that both types of overland flow may occur in hilly agricultural loess regions. Here, for a loessial hillslope under maize in the southern part of The Netherlands, it was shown, with pressure head and runoff measurements, that Hortonian overland flow occurs during typical summer rain events. Surface runoff was initiated after saturation of the top 5–10 cm of the soil. Deeper in the soil, unsaturated conditions prevailed while runoff took place. Peak runoff discharges at the outlet of the subcatchment occurred a few minutes after peak rainfall intensities were measured. It appeared that SWMS_2D, a two-dimensional water flow model, was capable in simulating observed pressure head changes and runoff. Simulated potential runoff for the transect studied was higher by a magnitude of three than the measured areal average. This indicates effects of surface ponding, and the probable location of this particular transect in a region with high runoff production.     

“构造附加静水压力”及其应用

提出地壳任一点静水压力部分是由重力所附加的静水压力和由构造作用力所附加的静水压力叠合而成的。处在挤压变形带、剪切变形带到引张变形带（及地域）中岩石所承受的构造附加静水压力有逐次变小的规律性。构造叠加致使同一地壳深度的水平面上静水压力值不相等,这种压力梯度是流体及油气长距离水平运移的主要原因。建立岩石矿床形成深度的构造校正测算方法,并提出构造物理化学成矿的新认识。