运用灾害熵浅析沙尘暴强度

以信息熵原理为基础，引入灾害熵概念，评价自然灾害的发生的不确定性和根据各致灾因子的强弱，确定灾害事件的重要性因子，构建灾害信息量计算模型。并以新疆境内达坂城、精河、哈密、吐鲁番、鄯善等五个地区的多年沙尘暴灾害统计数据为研究实例，计算分析了灾害次数、灾害熵。经过分析得出：哈密地区的沙尘暴灾害不仅灾害强度最烈，致灾因子亦最为活跃。通过应用灾害熵及其相应的修正模式，可以定量的确定灾害的影响强度，定性地说明致灾因子的多寡。     

重庆市梁平县农用地节约集约利用分析与研究

以重庆市梁平县1999年到2005年土地利用状况为依据,结合梁平县的自然、社会、经济条件,建立农用地节约集约利用评价指标体系,采用“熵”值法确定各指标权重,利用指标权重法分别对梁平县近7年来农用地节约集约利用状况和2005年重庆市、重庆市三大经济区及其对应代表区县的农用地节约集约利用情况进行纵向及横向评价,得出梁平县农用地节约集约利用度总体呈现提高趋势但较最高水平仍有差距的结论,并针对评价结果提出相应的建议和措施。     

小波变换在遥感图像数据融合中的应用

用小波变换实现了一种新的遥感图像数据融合方法 ,该方法采用梯度算法对不同尺度子带数据进行融合 ,用加权法对基带数据进行融合。给出了 SAR图像与 TM图像的融合结果的定性评价 ,并用熵及平均梯度进行了定量评价     

快速城市化下的城市土地利用结构信息熵变化及其动因分析——以陕西省商州区为例

应用熵值函数模型,对处于快速城市化状态下的商州区的土地利用结构的变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,1999～2005年期间商州区土地利用结构熵呈稳定下降趋势,从1999年的1.216调整为2005年的1.207,均衡度由1999年的0.585减少到2005年的0.581,优势度则在2005年增加到0.419。最后,对这一变...     

基于熵权水质指数方法的岩溶水质量评价及指标优化——以北京顺平岩溶水系统为例

为优化地下水水质监测方案,确定北京顺平岩溶水系统岩溶水水质的主要控制指标,快速掌握地下水水质变化,基于2022年顺平岩溶水系统49件岩溶水样品,综合运用统计分析、Piper三线图和熵权水质指数（entropy weight water quality index, EWQI）分析研究区水化学和水质特征,并耦合逐步多元线性回归分析,探讨能代表研究区岩溶水水质的关键指标。结果显示：（1）顺平岩溶水系统岩溶水具有微碱性、低盐度的特征,水化学类型主要为HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+型（7347%）。超标指标为 Nan（NH3或N+4中的N, 即氨氮以氮计）、pH值、Fe、Mn和F-,超标率分别为1020%、408%、408%、408%和204%。（2）研究区EWQI平均值为2633,水质“极好”,其中极好和良好所占比例分别为9184%和816%。（3）基于地下水水质数据构建的EWQImin模型筛选的关键指标为Nan、Fe、Mn、Nntr(硝氮以氮计, 硝酸盐中N）和F-,其决定系数（R2）和百分比误差（PE）分别为0986和388%。表明,EWQImin模型优选指标可以代表顺平岩溶水系统的水质状况,对优化水质监测网等水资源管理提供了参考价值。     

Low-temperature heat capacities,entropies and high-pressure phase relations of MgSiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> ilmenite and perovskite

Low-temperature isobaric heat capacities (C _p ) of MgSiO₃ ilmenite and perovskite were measured in the temperature range of 1.9–302.4 K with a thermal relaxation method using the Physical Properties Measurement System. The measured C _p of perovskite was higher than that of ilmenite in the whole temperature range studied. From the measured C _p , standard entropies at 298.15 K of MgSiO₃ ilmenite and perovskite were determined to be 53.7 ± 0.4 and 57.9 ± 0.3 J/mol K, respectively. The positive entropy change (4.2 ± 0.5 J/mol K) of the ilmenite–perovskite transition in MgSiO₃ is compatible with structural change across the transition in which coordination of Mg atoms is changed from sixfold to eightfold. Calculation of the ilmenite–perovskite transition boundary using the measured entropies and published enthalpy data gives an equilibrium transition boundary at about 20–23 GPa at 1,000–2,000 K with a Clapeyron slope of −2.4 ± 0.4 MPa/K at 1,600 K. The calculated boundary is almost consistent within the errors with those determined by high-pressure high-temperature in situ X-ray diffraction experiments.     

Spatial concentration patterns of South Asian low-skilled immigrants in Oman: A spatial analysis of residential geographies

Oman is a major recipient of South Asian labor immigrants, and correspondingly, the demographic statistics reveal that the non-Omani populations primarily are constituted of the Asians. This research examines whether the largest immigrant groups (Indian, Bangladesh, Pakistani and Sri Lankan) in Oman form residential clusters according to their work skills (higher and lower skills). The residential geographies of South Asian workers at the subnational administrative boundaries have been investigated in the current study. Empirically, the study employs the use of Location Quotients (LQ) and Entropy Index within the GIS environment to spatially analyze the immigrant residential distributions based on their work skills. Interestingly, the findings of this research confirm the primary influence of geography on the residential patterns of the low-skilled immigrants. Initially, Al-Batnah governorates constituted the main destinations of low-skilled Bangladeshis. Further, the research also highlights significant clusters of Indian and Pakistani high-skilled immigrants in urban residential communities within the Muscat governorate. In addition, the South Asian are found to be a relatively constant stream of immigrants to inhabit the Omani urban areas, with employments in various public and private economic sectors (e.g. educational, health, manufacturing, finance, business etc.). This concentration pattern of low skilled immigrants is attributable to the need to labor shortages of native populations in certain jobs. The research results also indicate that the rural and suburban communities of Al-Batnah coastal plain not only have a greater number of low skilled immigrants but also display equitable distributions of the four South Asian groups in the residential settlements. For policy makers, it is imperative to understand the spatial patterns of low and high-skilled immigrants in Oman, which exert several geographic, economic, social and demographic implications. The significant role of immigration in development necessitates the identification of the predominant destinations for immigrants. It has been observed that the immigrants are crucial to several sectors of Omani urban economy, and urban areas with a large number of immigrants are more likely to grow and expand faster. In addition, the immigrants’ laborers offer potential economic benefits to the host country, which include fostering entrepreneurial activities, small businesses and reducing wages, especially in unskilled jobs. Despite the negative impacts of immigration (e.g. losing national cultural and creating socio-spatial segregation), the diverse and distinctive locational patterns of immigrant groups in Oman contribute crucially to the socioeconomic development and immigration policy. Yet understanding of the spatial dynamics of immigration in structuring the Omani regions and its influences remains very limited. Thus, further research accounting for the different spatial and attribute ancillary data is necessitated.     

喀斯特流域水系分形, 熵及其地貌意义

把分形理论和熵有机地结合起来，系统地研究了喀斯特流域和非喀斯特流域的干谷水系、常流水系和地下水系的分形结构及其熵的地貌意义，初步揭示了流域水系的形成与地貌发育演化之间的关系，认为仅利用水系的分维值来分析地貌演化是不够的，还应考虑流域水系的熵值变化．     

ON THE THEORIES OF HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY

Hydraulic geometry is of fundamental importance in planning, design, and management of river engineering and training works. Although some concepts of hydraulic geometry were proposed toward the end of the nineteenth century, the real impetus toward formulating a theory of hydraulic geometry was provided by the work of Leopold and Maddock (1953). A number of theories have since been proposed. Some of the theories are interrelated but others are based on quite different principles. All theories, however, assume that the river flow is steady and uniform and the river tends to attain a state of equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium. The differences are due to the differences in hydraulic mechanisms that the theories employ to explain the attainment of equilibrium by the river.     

Simultaneous modelling of multi-purpose/multi-stop activity patterns and quantities consumed

 Whereas for commuting travel there is a one-to-one correspondence between commuters and jobs, and for commodity flows a one-to-one correspondence between the size of orders and the shipping cost of the commodities, the situation is much more complex for retail/service travel. A typical shopper may make a single trip or multi-stop tour to buy/consume a quite diverse set of commodities/services at different locations in quite variable quantities. At the same time, the general pattern of the tour is clearly dependent on the activities and goods available at potential stops. These interdependencies have been alluded to in the literature, especially by spatial economists. However, until some preliminary work by the first author, there has been no attempt to formally include these interdependencies in a general model. This paper presents a framework for achieving this goal by developing an evolutionary set of models starting from the simplest forms available. From the above, it is clear that such interdependency models will inevitably have high dimensionality and combinatorial complexity. This rules out a simultaneous treatment of all the events using an individual choice approach. If an individual choice approach is to be applied in a tractable manner, the set of interdependent events needs to be segmented into several subsets, with simultaneity recognised within each subset, but a mere sequential progression occurring between subsets. In this paper, full event interdependencies are retained at the expense of modelling market segments of consumers rather than a sample of representative individuals. We couple the travel and consumption events in the only feasible way, by modelling the tours as discrete entities, in conjunction with the amount of each commodity consumed per stop on each such tour in terms of the continuous quantities of microeconomics. This is performed both under a budget/income constraint from microeconomics and a time budget constraint from time geography. The model considers both physical trips and tele-orders. Received: 14 August 2000 / Accepted: 6 October 2001