Water Law in Spain After 1985

Abstract

Spain has old and complex legislation with regard to water. The current state of evolution in water law is one of vagueness, with contrasting lines of tension: in some areas, the old focus predominates but there are others in which the so-called new water culture can be detected. There are two legal references to mention and comment on: first, the 1978 Spanish Constitution and second, the European Community regulations.     

王场油田盐间非砂岩油藏开采规律和挖潜对策

江汉盆地王场油田盐间非砂岩油藏为中低孔隙度、低渗透率自生自储油藏。了解盐间非砂岩油藏生产井完井、试油、试采及生产方式,对分析盐间非砂岩油层驱油机理及储层影响因素,找出盐间非砂岩油藏开采规律很有帮助,以便寻找试验研究增加储量和产能的挖潜对策。     

基于博弈论视角的闽江流域生态补偿机制分析

流域区际生态利益失衡,从根本上说是相关利益主体基于个体理性的博弈导致集体非理性的结果。以闽江流域为例,基于博弈论视角的分析指出,建立激励和约束融合机制是促使横向、纵向政府间由非合作博弈转向合作博弈的关键,也是完善流域生态补偿机制的重要政策着力点。     

浅析章水流域“7.3”特大洪灾

通过对江西省章水流域大余县＂7.3＂特大洪灾抗洪救灾工作进行全面总结和深入分析,对今后的防汛抗洪工作提出思路和建议.     

福建大樟溪流域水电开发与环境保护问题

大樟溪是福建中部沿海的一条重要河流,开发与保护问题受到社会各界高度关注。在分析大樟溪水资源开发、保护现状及面临问题的基础上,以维护河流良好生态为目标,研究了大樟溪水资源保护应采取的工程措施,论述了解决制约开发保护的有关技术和移民问题,并提出了农村小水电开发的新模式。     

Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on the Surface Runoff in the Tarim River Basin over the Last Fifty Years

The impacts of climate change and human activities on the surface runoff were analyzed by the Mann–Kendall and trend analysis methods based on the hydrological, meteorological and socioeconomic data over the last 50 years in the Tarim River basin. Results show that the runoff in the headstreams increased but that in the mainstreams decreased significantly during the past 50 years. The former is a response to climate change, and the later is due to human activities. The surface runoff in the mainstreams decreased by 41.59, 63.77 and 75.15% in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, respectively, as compared to that without being disturbed by human activities in the same period. The main human activities are the irrigated agriculture combined with population increase in the region. As a consequence, the ecosystem in the lower reaches of Tarim River has degenerated, largely owing to inappropriate allocation of water resources.     

洮河流域纳纳河山洪灾害临界雨量分析计算

临界雨量是指典型流域山洪、泥石流、滑坡等自然灾害“恰好”能够发生所对应的时段最小降雨量值。在《山洪灾害临界雨量分析计算细则》规定的基础上,经过实践摸索提出了综合分析临界雨量初值的几种方法,并以黄河支流洮河流域纳纳河为例,进行了临界雨量的分析计算。计算结果表明,所采用的分析计算方法对类似流域山洪泥石流临界雨量的分析计算具有借鉴意义。     

Changes of Pan Evaporation in the Recent 40 Years in the Yellow River Basin

Abstract

Based on monitoring data of 123 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2000 near or in the Yellow River Basin, the spatial and temporal distributions and their trends for pan evaporation (PE) are investigated in this study. The results indicate that, despite the annual mean air temperature over the Yellow River Basin has, on average, increased by 0.6° over the past 40 years, the rate of PE has steadily decreased, especially in summer and spring. Compared with the period of 1960s to 1970s, the rate of annual pan evaporation during 1980s to 1990s has decreased by 126mm or 7.0 percent. Spatial distribution of the rate of change show that this kind of trend is general but not universal, PE has significantly decreased over the upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but increased to a small degree over the middle reaches. Further analyses show that the decrease of PE is mainly related to reductions in sunshine durations and solar irradiance, owing to more clouds and aerosols.