Annual dose rate for Qena governorate population due to consume the animal products

In this work, the natural radionuclide concentrations of the 226Ra, 228Ra, 232Th and 40K were estimated from samples of cattle and poultry fodder, South Valley University farms and Qena Governorate farm, Qena, Upper Egypt. The radionuclide concentrations and annual consumption rate of twenty-nine animal fodders were analyzed using low-level γ-spectrometer, including a mixture fodder, silage, hay, rice straw, and poultry fodder. The irradiation risk of human health was assessed due to indirect ingestion of the beef, milk, poultry and egg, the annual effective dose of the radionuclides for the local consumer was 2.7, 14, 0.1, and 0.14 μSv·y–1, respectively.     

Simultaneous immunochemical detection of four banned antibiotic growth promoters in raw and cooked poultry tissue

Spiramycin, tylosin, bacitracin and virginiamycin are among a group of antibiotic growth promoters that have been banned in the European Union since the 1999 Council. This was due to concerns over the development of resistant bacteria emerging between humans and animals with the threat of antibiotics no longer being able to be used effectively to treat human infections. A sensitive and fast immunochemical method is presented for the determination of these four antibiotic growth promoters simultaneously in poultry tissue. The method employs methanol extraction followed by sample clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with determination by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA). The limit of detection (LOD) was less than 1 ng g^?1 and the detection capability (CCβ) was 3 ng g^?1 or less for all four antibiotic growth promoters. Validation was completed with both raw and cooked chicken, therefore either matrix could be used for the monitoring of these banned drugs. In a feeding trial no residues of either bacitracin or virginiamycin were found in medicated birds even without a withdrawal period. In the case of tylosin and spiramycin much higher residues level were detected immunochemically than was the case by mass spectrometry.     

Enzymatic modification of protein preparation obtained from water-washed mechanically recovered poultry meat

Studies were conducted on a protein preparation obtained from washed mechanically recovered poultry meat (MRPM). The effect of addition of 3 g/kg microbial transglutaminase (MTG) to poultry meat protein was evaluated in terms of texture changes by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine water content in the preparation and its effect on protein. Samples with the addition of MTG were pre-incubated at 5–6 °C for 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9 and 24 h. The largest changes for both texture parameters and rheological properties were observed in the interval of approx. 4–7 h incubation. The protein preparation with the enzyme added had significantly higher values of the moduli of elasticity (G₁) and losses (G₂) in comparison to the control system. Samples with the addition of MTG also showed a higher water-binding capacity. From the NMR studies it was found that the greatest amount of water was bound by protein in the period of approx. 2.5–5 h incubation. After that time an increase was found in the amount of free water in the sample, which suggests that it was displaced from the system by stronger protein–protein bonds.     

Improved microbial screening assay for the detection of quinolone residues in poultry and eggs

An improved microbiological screening assay is reported for the detection of quinolone residues in poultry muscle and eggs. The method was validated using fortified tissue samples and is the first microbial assay to effectively detect enrofloxacin, difloxacin, danofloxacin, as well as flumequine and oxolinic acid, at or below their EU maximum residue limits (MRL). The accuracy of the assay was shown by analysing incurred tissue samples containing residue levels around the MRL. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantification of the quinolone concentration in these samples showed that the test plate can be used semi-quantitatively, allowing the definition of an “action level” as an inhibition zone above which a sample can be considered “suspect”. The presented assay is a useful improvement or addition to existing screening systems.     

Effect of Organic Acids and Plant Extracts on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium in Broth Culture Model and Chicken Meat Systems

ABSTRACT:  Foodborne illness due to consumption of products contaminated with  Salmonella  Typhimurium ( S .T.),  Listeria monocytogenes  ( L.m. ), and  Escherichia coli  O157:H7 ( E.c. ) results in many deaths and significant economic losses each year. In this study, acetic (AA), citric acid (CA), lactic acid (LA), malic acid (MA), and tartaric acid (TA) and grape seed (GS), green tea (GT), bitter melon seed (BMS), rasum, and fenugreek (FG) extracts were investigated as inhibitors against  S .T.,  L.m.,  and  E.c . in both broth-culture and meat systems. Brain Heart Infusion solutions containing 18.7, 37.5, and 75.0 mM organic acids and 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL extracts were challenged with approximately log 6 CFU/mL  S .T.,  L.m ., and  E.c . A pH-adjusted control was included to determine pH effect on exhibited antibacterial activity. For the meat system, 1 to 2 g chicken breast pieces were vacuum-infused with CA/MA/TA acid at 75 and 150 mM and GS and GT at 3000, 6000, and 9000 ppm in a partial factorial arrangement. GT and GS showed considerable activity in broth-culture. All organic acids were effective in broth-culture at 75 mM after 24 h ( P  < 0.05). CA and TA were effective at 37.5 mM. CA/MA/TA at 150.0 mM were the most effective in the meat system, reducing  E.c. ,  L.m.  and  S. T. by >5, >2, and 4-6 log CFU/g, respectively, although all organic acids showed some antibacterial activity at 75.0 and 150.0 mM. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of organic acids and plant extracts in the control of  S .T.,  L.m ., and  E.c.  O157:H7.     

家禽毛羽形态结构观测与分析

利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对鸡、鸭、鸽3种家禽不同部位的羽毛、羽绒进行了观察,研究了鸡毛、鸭毛、鸽毛以及鸡绒、鸭绒、鸽绒的外观形态结构,尤其对羽毛羽小枝两侧的不同结构做了较详细的比较与描述,并通过理论分析揭示了家禽羽毛纤维的结构形态特征。     

采用畜禽粪便原料生产有机无机复混肥工艺、设备探讨

根据畜禽粪便物料特性和工程实践经验,提出实用的有机无机复混肥加工工艺和设备系统,并对配套关键设备的技术要求分别进行了具体的描述。认为：好氧发酵宜采用槽式和条垛式发酵组成的“二阶段堆肥”工艺;建立以平模制粒技术为核心的有机无机复混肥连续制肥系统,利于降低能耗,改善生产环境。     

Temperature and bacterial profile of post chill poultry carcasses stored in processing combo held at room temperature

Post chill whole poultry carcasses from a commercial processing plant were stored in a processing combo at room temperature (70 °F/21 °C) for 54 h to mimic the scenario of temperature abuse before further processing. Temperature data were collected in 1-min intervals and averaged each hour by 9 temperature data loggers. Two linear regressions were developed for the combo and internal breast temperature and slopes were nearly identical. Microbial data was collected by performing whole bird carcass rinses that were enumerated for aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and total coliform. Samples were collected from the chiller chute at time zero for initial bacterial counts. Carcass sampling continued once the internal breast temperature achieved 45 °F (7 °C 10 h) and continued every 2 h until the final internal breast temperature was 63 °F (17 °C 54 h). Linear regressions were developed for the first 26 h, which exhibited no statistically significant growth except for Enterobacteriaceae. A 2nd linear regression (28 to 54 h) exhibited significant growth for all analyses. Overall, APC increased from a log(10) colony forming unit (CFU)/mL count of 2.86 to 7.02, Enterobacteriaceae increased from 0.66 to 6.64, coliform increased from 0.72 to 4.81, and E. coli increased from 0.53 to 4.45. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was performed to detect changes in the bacterial populations, which indicated 95% similarity within sampled groups, but the overall percent similarity among samples collected over 54 h was 8%. From the data, microbial growth demonstrates a period of 26 h for minimal growth; therefore, the product could be further processed rather than designated as waste.     

Prevalence and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pasture flock poultry

The growing interest in organic and natural foods warrants a greater need for information on the food safety of these products. In this study, samples were taken from 2 pasture flock farms (N = 178; feed, water, drag swabs, and insect traps), pasture flock retail carcasses (N = 48) and 1 pasture flock processing facility (N = 16) over a period of 8 mo. A total of 105 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from 53 (30%), 36 (75%), and 16 (100%) samples from the farms, retail carcasses, and processing facility, respectively. Of the 105 isolates collected, 65 were C. jejuni, 31 were C. coli, and 9 were other Campylobacter spp. Using PCR, the C. jejuni isolates were further analyzed for virulence genes involved in colonization and survival (flaA, flaC, cadF, dnaJ, racR, cbrR), invasion (virB11, ciaB, pldA), protection against harsh conditions (sodB, htrA, clpA), toxin production (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC), siderophore transport (ceuE), and ganglioside mimicry (wlaN). In addition, the short variable region of the flaA locus (flaA SVR) was sequenced to determine the genetic diversity of the C. jejuni isolates. The flaA SVR diversity indices increased along the farm to carcass continuum. PCR-based analysis indicated a low prevalence of 5 genes involved in colonization (dnaJ, ciaB, pldA, racR, virB11). The results of this survey indicate that the prevalence of Campylobacter on organic retail carcasses is similar to prevalence reports of Campylobacter on conventional retail carcasses. However, the genetic diversity of the flaA SVR genotypes increased along the farm to carcass continuum that contrasted with conventional poultry studies. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne illness with poultry and poultry products being leading sources of infection. Free-range and pasture flock chickens are becoming more popular; however, there is an inherent biosecurity risk that can increase the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in these flocks. This study aimed to determine sources and characterize C. jejuni isolated from pasture flocks.     

赣江流域畜禽养殖营养物质潜在排放量的估算与分析

以赣江流域作为研究区,在确定赣江流域畜禽总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)潜在排放量估算方法和各种参数的基础上,由数据转换得到畜禽养殖的基础数据;通过对TN、TP年排放总量、各类畜禽排污量和各县市排污的区域分布分析,得到了畜禽污染的趋势、重点污染的畜禽种类和重点污染的县市,以便对赣江流域的畜禽潜在排放污染有个定量的认识。为赣江流域工农业生产布局和环境污染治理提供决策依据,为进行分布式机理性模型的模拟提供边界条件。