Metal binding novel flaxseed peptides (linusorbs)

Linusorbs (LOs; a.k.a. cyclolinopeptides) are naturally occurring orbitides derived from flaxseed. These compounds consist of 8–10 amino acid residues, which are linked via an N ‐ to C‐terminal peptide bond with molecular masses of approximately 1 kDa. The LO circular structure makes them candidates for metal binding studies. Flaxseed extracts are known to suppress Pb and Cd toxicity. Hence, four metal salts surveyed include Zn(CH₃COO)₂, ZnSO₄, Pb(CH₃COO)₂ and Cd(NO₃)₂ with pure LOs 1–5 . Proton NMR spectra indicated interaction of LOs with metal salts in solution and were used to determine impacts of methionine oxidation on interactions with metal ions. The methyl group of methionine S,S ‐ dioxide of related LOs did not show the same shift in the presence of Zn(CH₃COO)₂ and Pb(CH₃COO)₂ observed in their methionine S ‐ oxide analogues. Metal complexes were observed forming at 10^?2 m to 10^?4 m but not at lower concentrations (10^?5 m to 10^?8 m ). Mass spectrometry data confirmed that metal binding strength varied by metal in the order Zn(CH₃COO)₂<Pb(CH₃COO)₂<ZnSO₄<Cd(NO₃)₂.     

Physicochemical properties of steamed bread fortified with ground linseed (Linum usitatissimum)

Chinese steamed bread (CSB) is a staple food among Asian populations. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an emerging ‘healthy’ food ingredient rich in a range of bioactive components. Ground linseeds were incorporated in northern style CSB formulation up to 20%. Various physico-chemical, nutritional and sensory properties of the resulting CSB were studied. Linseed addition decreased the specific volume and spread ratio of CSB, while increasing the hardness and chewiness in a dose-dependent manner. Linseed addition up to 15% little affected the overall sensory acceptability of CSB. Nutritionally, linseed addition increased the in vitro antioxidant activities of CSB, while decreasing in vitro starch digestibility and expected glycaemic index. It may be concluded that linseed has the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of CSB without negatively affecting the eating quality.     

Effectiveness of different processing methods in reducing hydrogen cyanide content of flaxseed

A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of reducing the hydrogen cyanide (HCN) content of flaxseed (FS) by processing. FS was processed by oven heating, single or repeated pelleting alone or in a mix with corn or other ingredients, autoclaving, and microwave roasting. The comparative effectiveness in reducing HCN in FS by these processes was monitored through HCN measurements by alkaline titration. The HCN content was 377 mg kg^?1 in raw feed‐grade FS and 139 mg kg^?1 in a human food‐grade FS. All processing methods tested significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the HCN content of FS. Autoclaving FS reduced its HCN content by 29.7%. Microwave roasting of FS reduced the HCN content by 83.3%. Because of the 5.7% water loss recorded after 4 min of FS roasting, this reduction could be related to more evaporation of the newly formed HCN. Pelleting FS once reduced HCN content by 13.3%, and three and six repeated pelleting processes reduced HCN content by 29.0% and 54.9% respectively. When FS was pelleted in a mix with 50% corn, the HCN reduction was even greater. After pelleting six times, HCN reduction reached 63.8%. However, the greatest reduction in HCN content was 73.8%, and was obtained when FS was mixed with several ingredients and pelleted twice. The HCN reduction could be the result of deactivation of the glycosidase, or the evaporation of HCN formed from cyanogenic glycosides. The HCN reduction increased as the number of pelletings and the temperature of the pelleted product increased. The greater and prolonged exposure to a higher temperature by several pelletings seems to promote a greater HCN reduction. The appropriate processing of FS is essential for the use of this oilseed in animal feeding. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

亚麻籽油和棕榈液油煎炸油条过程中的品质变化

为了获得亚麻籽油的最适煎炸条件,在（180±5） ℃下,以GB 2716—2018中规定极性化合物含量达到27%为煎炸终点,对亚麻籽油和棕榈液油在油条连续煎炸过程中理化指标进行检测和比较,同时对油条进行感官评定。结果表明：在连续煎炸油条过程中,两种植物油的酸值、总氧化值、极性化合物及聚合物含量均随着煎炸时间的延长而不断增加,但在4 h以内,亚麻籽油极性化合物含量较低;亚麻籽油的极性化合物含量在煎炸13 h后达到27.78%,而棕榈液油的极性化合物含量在煎炸18 h后达到27.27%;相较于棕榈液油,在油条煎炸过程中,亚麻籽油中多不饱和脂肪酸含量不断减少,尤其是α-亚麻酸下降幅度更大;亚麻籽油140 ℃下的氧化诱导期均在1 h以内,远低于棕榈液油;油条感官评定表明棕榈液油更适宜于油条煎炸。研究表明亚麻籽油适合短时（<4 h）高温煎炸,不建议长时间深度煎炸。     

马铃薯全粉产品结构及性质的测定研究

以马铃薯颗粒全粉和马铃薯雪花全粉为原料,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、红外光谱仪、X-射线衍射光谱仪,Brabender粘度仪等仪器测定马铃薯颗粒全粉和雪花全粉的结构、组成、吸水性、粘度等理化性质。结果表明,颗粒粉多为大小不一的卵形颗粒或复合颗粒,结构完整,表面有皱纹裂缝;吸水能力小,但蛋白质和还原糖含量较高;粘度小,约为20 BU,粘度曲线变化小,基本呈基线的直线。雪花粉多为扁形、多角形,边缘不齐,表面粗糙,有裂纹、凹陷和穴洞;X-光衍射图谱呈馒头峰形状,衍射峰消失,为典型的无定形结构;粘度大,粘度曲线变化明显,说明有较多破碎的游离且预糊化的淀粉。      

亚麻籽降鸡血脂作用的研究

在鸡饲料中添加富含多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)的亚麻籽,观察其对鸡血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)的影响,并与常规饲料组进行比较。选产蛋鸡20只,分为4组(对照组和添加低、中、高剂量亚麻籽组),喂养4个月,测定鸡血清中TC、TG含量。结果表明:添加低、中、高剂量亚麻籽组鸡血清中TC均显著低于常规饲料组(P<0.05);高剂量组鸡血中的TG显著低于常规饲料组(P<0.05)。因此,富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)的亚麻籽具有良好的降低血脂的作用,值得进一步研究和开发。     

Hepatic lipid metabolism in transition dairy cows fed flaxseed

Thirty-three Holstein cows averaging 687 kg of body weight were allotted 6 wk before the expected date of parturition to 11 groups of 3 cows blocked within parity for similar calving dates to determine the effects of feeding different sources of fatty acids on blood parameters related to fatty liver and profile of fatty acids in plasma and liver. Cows were fed lipid supplements from 6 wk before the expected date of parturition until d 28 of lactation. Cows within each block were assigned to 1 of 3 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic dietary supplements: control with no added lipids (CO); unsaturated lipids supplied as whole flaxseed (FL; 3.3 and 11.0% of the dry matter in prepartum and postpartum diets, respectively); and saturated lipids supplied as Energy Booster (EB; 1.7 and 3.5% of the DM in prepartum and postpartum diets, respectively). Diets EB and FL had similar ether extract concentrations. Multiparous cows fed EB had lower dry matter intake and milk production, higher concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in plasma and triglycerides (TG) and total lipids in liver, and lower concentrations of plasma glucose and liver glycogen than those fed FL and CO. Production of 4% fat-corrected milk was similar among treatments. Multiparous cows fed FL had the highest liver concentrations of glycogen on wk 2 and 4 after calving and lowest concentrations of TG on wk 4 after calving. Liver C16:0 relative percentages in multiparous cows increased after calving whereas those of C18:0 decreased. Relative percentages of liver C16:0 were higher in wk 2 and 4 postpartum for multiparous cows fed EB compared with those fed CO and FL; those of C18:0 were lower in wk 4 postpartum for cows fed EB compared with those fed CO and FL. Liver C18:1 relative percentages of multiparous cows increased after calving and were higher in wk 4 for cows fed EB compared with those fed CO and FL. The inverse was observed for liver C18:2 relative percentages. In general, diets had more significant effects on plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose and liver profiles of fatty acids, TG, total lipids, and glycogen of multiparous than primiparous cows. These data suggest that feeding a source of saturated fatty acids increased the risk of fatty liver in the transition cow compared with feeding no lipids or whole flaxseed. Feeding flaxseed compared with no lipids or a source of saturated fatty acids from 6 wk before calving could be a useful strategy to increase liver concentrations of glycogen and decrease liver concentrations of TG after calving, which may prevent the development of fatty liver in the transition dairy cow.     

65Mn环件断裂的失效分析

65Mn环件装配后发生崩裂,采用断口分析、化学成分分析、金相分析及低倍分析等方法进行了失效分析。结果表明,环件中存在白点,白点在装配应力和内部氢压的作用下发生滞后扩展,当白点裂纹长大到临界尺寸时,裂纹尖端的应力强度因子达到断裂韧性,从而发生崩裂。     

低松装密度片状银粉的研究

采用湿法球磨工艺,通过调整银粉和球的比例、球径大小、球磨时间制备出低松装密度片状银粉.该银粉的松装密度小于1.0 g/cm3,粒径大小可调,粉末的体积和比表面积大,已成功地应用于制备银浆,并可起到降低银含量,提高浆料粘度和导电性能的作用.     

高纯度亚麻木酚素的分离纯化和分析

开展高纯度亚麻木酚素的分离纯化和分析方法研究,选取亚麻籽为研究对象,通过正己烷脱脂、乙醇提取、AB-8大孔吸附树脂分离、高速逆流色谱（high-speed countercurrent chromatography,HSCCC）纯化制备得到高纯度亚麻木酚素。其中,大孔吸附树脂的洗脱溶剂为80%乙醇溶液,HSCCC溶剂体系为叔丁基甲醚-正丁醇-乙腈-水（1∶3∶1∶5,V/V）。实验分离得到的亚麻木酚素经薄层色谱、高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器-蒸发光散射检测器联用和高效液相色谱-质谱联用进行纯度分析,结果显示杂质质量分数低于0.5%。通过采用多种高效液相色谱条件分析,峰面积归一化法进行纯度计算,其纯度在99.3%～99.5%之间。最后采用紫外光谱、红外光谱、高分辨质谱、核磁共振波谱和元素分析等方法鉴定其结构为亚麻木酚素。结果表明,该分离纯化方法简单可行,纯度分析方法准确可靠,制备得到的样品具有纯度高的优点,可以应用于相关产品的质量控制和方法验证。