炭素黄料对电解铝生产的影响及对策

从净化效果看,干法净化吸附技术是炭素焙烧烟气净化效果很好的技术,但炭素黄料对电解生产存在一定的影响,本文从分厂实际出发,探讨了炭素黄料对电解铝生产的影响及对策。     

Machining characteristics and fracture morphologies in a copper-beryllium (Cu-2Be) alloy

The technology of materials removal is improved greatly by the introduction of advanced cutting tools like cubic boron nitride, ceramics, polycrystalline diamond and the more recent whisker-reinforced materials. In this paper, the influence of cutting temperature on machinability, mechanical properties, microstructure, and fracture morphology of Cu-2Be alloy using a polycrystalline diamond cutter is investigated. The information on machining, microstructure, and fracture morphology of Cu-2Be alloy are very useful to understand their fabrication characteristics and the basic mechanisms of its deformation and fracture. The machinability (in terms of surface finish) of Cu-2Be alloy is evaluated as a function of cutting temperature, resulting from wet and dry cutting. Machining is carried out on a Hardinge Cobra 42 CNC machine (Hardinge Inc., Elmira, NY), and the machining parameters used—cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate—are kept constant during both wet and dry cutting. The machined surface finish on Cu-2Be alloy is measured using a surface finish analyzer (Surftest 401, series 178) technique. The machined specimens are examined for their strength and hardness properties using a standard Universal Testing Machine and Rockwell hardness tester, respectively. Wet cutting (using coolants) produced a smooth surface finish when compared with dry cutting of the Cu-2Be alloy. The machined specimens are examined for their microstructural features using a Nikon optical microscope. The specimens are etched using a suitable etchant solution for revealing such microstructure constituents as grain size, phase proportions, and the possible overheated areas (especially in dry cutting). The fractured surfaces from the tensile and impact toughness tests are investigated for their fracture morphologies (dry and wet cutting) using a microprocessor-controlled scanning electron microscope (Jeol Model JSM 5910 LV). A detailed analysis is also made to understand and interpret the basic fracture mechanisms responsible for crack initiation and crack propagation. The Cu-2Be alloy showed relatively higher mechanical properties in wet cutting in comparison to dry cutting operations. Fracture studies demonstrated intergranular and ductile fractures as dominant modes of fracture mechanisms in Cu-2Be alloy.     

Ti-6Al-4V合金在真空中的干滑动磨损行为

在真空(10^-^5Pa)条件下对Ti-6Al-4V合金进行了系统的磨损性能测试，研究了载荷和滑动速度对Ti-6Al-4V合金磨损率的影响．对Ti-6Al-4V合金的磨损表面进行了显微组织分析．实验结果表明，Ti-6Al-4V合金的磨损率随载荷和滑动速度的升高而增加．磨损表面具有层状结构的舌状形貌特征，分析表明这是Ti-6Al-4V合金表面通过接触点处材料的被推挤和碾压过程形成了特殊的变形堆砌层的结果．显微组织分析显示，这种变形堆砌层具有50—100nm尺寸的细小显微组织结构和50mm以上的厚度．     

Agro-ecosystem modeling can aid in the optimization of biomass feedstock supply

Recent European Directives promoted the development of biofuels, requesting mandatory limits to their emissions ot greenhouse gases (GHG). Second-generation biofuels based on lignocellulosic biomass are prime candidates but their GHG emissions are variable and uncertain. Agro-ecosystem modeling can capture them and the performance of biofuel feedstocks.This study aimed at optimizing feedstock supply for a bioethanol unit in France, from agricultural residues, annual and perennial crops. Their productivity and environmental impacts were modelled on a regional scale using geo-referenced data on soil properties, crop management, land-use and future weather data. Several supply scenarios were tested. Cereal straw was the most efficient feedstock but had a low availability, and only miscanthus could meet the bioethanol plant's demand. Sorghum combined poor yields and high GHG emissions compared by miscanthus and triticale. A mix of three biomass sources used less than 3% of the regional agricultural land while abating GHG emissions by 60%.     

新疆极端降水事件时空变化特征研究

基于新疆1960—2011年的日降水量数据,选取持续干燥指数、持续湿润指数、年总降水量、强降水天数、强降水量、1 d最大降水量、5 d最大降水量和普通日降水强度8个极端降水指标,采用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验及主成分分析法研究新疆极端降水的时空分布特征及演变趋势。结果表明:时间变化上,新疆极端降水的持续湿润指数均呈上升趋势,持续干燥指数呈下降趋势,表明新疆降水量总体呈增加趋势;空间变化上,南疆、北疆极端降水指标的年际变化表现出明显差异,北疆湿润指数大、年际变化率大,南疆湿润指数小、年际变化率小;极端降水指标基本上在1986年、1987年发生突变,各指标突变前后的变化率存在明显差异;时间上的主成分分析表明降水量整体增加,干燥程度下降;空间上的主成分分析表明,北疆降水量多于南疆,南疆较北疆干旱。     

近60年来我国主要江河枯季径流变化及趋势分析

以我国主要江河的枯季径流系列为研究对象,分析了我国主要江河1950～2008年枯季径流系列变化过程,对比分析了1980年前后两段时期枯季径流的变化,揭示我国主要江河近60年来水文情势变化及趋势,反映枯季径流对全球气候变化的响应.     

三峡水库蓄水期城陵矶与长沙站水位关系分析

为了解三峡水库蓄水期间城陵矶与长沙水位的关系,通过建立洞庭湖城陵矶站不同水位与湘江长沙站水位流量相关关系,分析城陵矶站对长沙水位的影响.根据MIKE11水动力学模型,分析计算枯水期长江干流宜昌站、湘江湘潭站不同来水条件下城陵矶、长沙水位及其相关关系,进而分析了三峡水库蓄水期不同因素对长沙站水位的影响情况,认为在2008...     

基于共享近邻和优化关联策略的边界剥离聚类

边界剥离聚类算法(BP)是一种基于密度的聚类算法,它通过逐渐剥离边界点来揭示聚类的潜在核心,已经被证明是一种十分有效的聚类手段.然而, BP算法仍存在一些不足之处:一方面,数据点的局部密度仅考虑了距离特征,使得边界点的确定不够合理;另一方面, BP算法中的关联策略容易误判异常值,并且在分配边界点时容易产生连带错误.为此,本文提出了一种基于共享近邻和优化关联策略的边界剥离聚类算法(SOBP).该算法使用了基于共享近邻的局部密度函数来更好地探索数据点之间的相似性,同时优化了BP算法中的关联策略,使得每次迭代中边界点不再仅与一个非边界点进行关联,并进一步采用了边界点与非边界点、已剥离边界点之间的双重关联准则.在一些数据集上的测试表明,相较于其他6种经典算法,该算法在评估指标上表现更佳.     

水浇地与旱地分类的研究进展

水浇地和旱地的分类研究对于粮食安全、估算农业灌溉需水量以及完善耕地二级类型的分类有着重要的作用。本文从水浇地和旱地分类的意义、分类方法以及分类应用的现状三方面,对国内外水浇地和旱地的分类研究进展及其特点进行了归纳总结,得出了三点结论:(1)参与水浇地和旱地分类的数据源主要为中低分辨率的时间序列植被指数产品以及一些辅助信息;(2)水浇地和旱地的分类特征主要为时间序列的植被指数以及一些辅助特征;(3)水浇地和旱地的分类方法主要为数字化、非监督分类和监督分类。同时指出,丰富水浇地和旱地的分类特征、引入智能型分类方法以及探索生态环境背景在水浇地和旱地分类中的应用将成为未来水浇地和旱地分类研究的重要内容。     

Work-related pains among the workers associated with pineapple peeling in small fruit processing units of North East India

The present study aimed at investigating work-related pain issues among the workers associated with pineapple peeling activity in small fruit processing units of North East India. The study also assessed the associated levels of ergonomic risk prevalent among the workers and identified ergonomic risk factors associated with pineapple peeling task. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using questionnaire-based interview, pain self-report and direct observation of the activities to understand the prevailing work conditions. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) was used to assess the level of ergonomic risks involved. Prevalence of pain, in different body parts of the participants, was found evident with a higher percentage of participants reporting pain in shoulders (41.1%), upper arms (37.1%) and lower back (45.7%) while some had also reported of pain in neck (13.2%), lower arms (15.9%), wrists (12.6%) and palm (6%). For RULA, 89.4% of the participants had a grand score greater than equal to 5 which fell under action level 3 indicating for further investigation and changes soon. Hence, various risk factors influencing pain occurrences were identified using logistic regression, and factors like age, gender, hours of peeling, frequency of rest breaks, perceived work fatigue and years of experience, were found to be associated with risk of pain in at least one of the body parts. Identification of these risk factors laid down path for the future course of actions and improvements to address the work pain related issues among workers.Relevance to industryThe study established pain prevalence associated with manual pineapple peeling task and identified the potential risk factors, laying down basis for possible future actions to address work pain related issues and enhance productivity of the workers.