Functional and sensory properties of chicken meat from spent-hen carcasses deboned manually or mechanically in Jordan

Samples of chicken meat from spent laying hens were obtained by four different methods: (1) manual deboning of whole carcasses; (2) manual deboning of skinned carcasses; (3) mechanical deboning of whole carcasses; and (4) mechanical deboning of skinned carcasses. The meat was packaged, frozen and stored at ?18 °C for up to 3 months. Functional properties studied were pH, emulsifying capacity (EC) and water‐holding capacity (WHC) and, in addition, pigment concentration was investigated. Sensory properties included aroma, colour, texture and overall acceptability, as judged by a trained panel using a nine‐point hedonic scale. Removal of the skin prior to deboning by either method gave significantly higher values (P < 0.05) for EC, while WHC values were not significantly different among the experimental treatments, despite higher pH values for mechanically‐deboned meat, with and without skin. Pigment concentrations were highest in meat from Treatment 4 and lowest for Treatment 1, but values for both methods of deboning were affected by the presence of skin. There were no significant differences between treatments for any of the sensory properties studied. Changes occurring in the meat during frozen storage are described.     

Evaluation of methods of measurement of nitrogen in poultry and animal manures

Kjeldahl nitrogen (N), total N and forms of inorganic N (ammoniacal (NH₄)-N, nitrate (NO₃)-N and nitrite (NO₂)-N) were measured in a range of animal manures. The manures include fresh samples of poultry manure, sheep manure, horse manure, dairy slurry and pig slurry and composted poultry manure. Kjeldahl N was measured by standard micro-Kjeldahl digestion. For total N measurements, NO₃-N and NO₂-N were recovered during Kjeldahl digestion by pretreatments with various oxidizing and reducing agents. Inorganic forms of N were measured by extraction with 2M KCl solution.Kjeldahl digestion alone allowed measurement only of organic N and NH₄-N. Amongst various modifications to the Kjeldahl, pretreatment with either acidified (H₂SO₄) Zn-CrK(SO₄)₂ or acidified (H₂SO₄) reduced Fe achieved complete recovery of NO₃-N. Nitrite N was only recovered by first oxidising the NO ₂ ^- to NO ₃ ^- with KMnO₄ followed by reduction to NH₄-N with acidified (H₂SO₄) reduced Fe.More than 95% of the total N in fresh animal manure was present as organic N and NH₄-N which were recovered by the standard Kjeldahl digestion. In the case of fresh manures there was no difference between the amount of total N measured by the Kjeldahl digestion and its modified methods. However composting of poultry manure or drying of poultry manure, pig slurry and dairy slurry resulted in an increase in NO₃-N which was not recovered during Kjeldahl digestion alone. Under these conditions the total N could be measured by pretreating the samples with KMnO₄ and reduced Fe prior to Kjeldahl digestion.Drying of animal manures caused a decrease in organic N and NH₄-N, especially in poultry, pig and dairy manures. There was a slight increase in NO₃-N; but most of the decrease in N content with drying was attributed to the volatilization loss of ammonia (NH₃). Amongst various drying methods examined air drying caused maximum loss of N as NH₃ whereas freeze drying caused minimum loss of N. This suggests that fresh animal manures can be freeze dried for analysis of N which causes minimum loss of N.     

Effects of Alhagi Honey Polysaccharides as Feed Supplement on Intestine Function and Microbiome,Immune Function,and Growth Performance in Chicken

Hy-Line Brown chickens’ health is closely related to poultry productivity and it is mainly maintained by the immune system, healthy intestinal function, and microflora of chicken. Polysaccharides are biological macromolecules with a variety of activities that can be used as a potential prebiotic to improve poultry health. In this experiment, the function of Alhagi honey polysaccharides (AH) as an immunomodulator on the chicken was investigated. All chicken (120) were randomly distributed to four groups (five replicas/group, six hens/replica). A total of 0.5 mL water was taken orally by the chicken in control group. AH (0.5 mL) in different concentrations (three dosages, 0.3 g/kg, 0.6 g/k, and 1.2 g/kg) were used for the AH-0.3 g/kg, AH-0.6 g/k, and AH-1.2 g/kg group, respectively. The results showed that the growth performance of the chickens and the index of immune organs (the weight of immune organs/the body weight) were enhanced significantly after being AH-treated (p < 0.05). The content of sIgA and cytokines was upregulated remarkably in the intestine after being AH-treated (p < 0.05). The AH treatment significantly enhanced the intestinal epithelial barrier (p < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the ileum, spleen, and serum were obviously upscaled (p < 0.05). In addition, the AH treatment significantly enhanced the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and improved the structure of gut microbiota (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we found that AH-1.2g/kg was the best dosage to improve the chicken’s health, and these data demonstrated that AH could be used as a potential tool to enhance growth performance through improving intestine function, immunity, and gut microbiome in chicken.     

17种抗菌兽药对猪鸡大肠杆菌和金葡菌的药敏试验研究

选用１７种抗菌兽药和不同血清型的猪鸡大肠杆菌、金葡菌,按杯碟法进行了药敏试验研究。结果证实,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、洛美沙星、应大霉素、卡那霉素、甲磺酸培氟沙星、磷霉素钙、新霉素、多西环素、羟氨苄青霉素、氨苄青霉素等对猪鸡大肠杆菌为最佳高敏药。洛美沙星、磷霉素钙、硫氰酸红霉素、利福霉素、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、应大霉素、甲磺酸培氟水利生等对金葡菌为最佳高敏药。     

家禽养殖监控系统的设计

针对家禽养殖管理自动化的要求,设计了家禽养殖监控系统.系统以禽舍为监控单元,利用研华ADAM模块,环境检测模块和力控组态软件,实时监测温度、湿度、光照度和有害气体浓度等环境参数,自动调节卷帘、照明、喷雾等设备,改善了养殖环境.实际运行结果表明,系统稳定性良好,具有较高的实用价值.     

国外禽畜胴体非破坏性微生物样品采集方法分析

屠宰生产线上禽畜胴体微生物样品采集方法分可破坏性采样和非破坏性采样。本文收集并分析了国际标准化组织(International Standardization Organization,ISO)、美国农业部、新西兰食品安全局以及澳大利亚检验检疫局关于禽畜胴体非破坏性微生物样品采集的方法,其包括湿-干拭子法(wet and dry swab method)、海绵拭子法(sponge sampling method)和纱布敷料法(gauze tampon method)、胴体冲洗采样法,不同屠宰工艺不同微生物目标其采样时机、采样位点、采样频率和微生物限量不尽相同,以期为我国禽畜产品加工生产和安全监控提供采样技术参考。     

Phenotypic Characterization and Genotypic Subtyping of Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Gallinarum Isolated from Human and Poultry-Related Samples

This study aimed to assess the serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility, and molecular subtyping of Salmonella enterica isolated from food products and human patients with gastroenteritis. A total of 59 isolates were investigated, and the results revealed a predominance of S. Enteritidis with 57.63% (34/59) S. Gallinarum held second with 15.62% (5/32) of total food borne. While, isolates from humans showed 18.51% (5/27) of S. Typhimurium. High level of resistance to nalidixic acid was noted among food strains and 35.29% of human isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Eight representative isolates were subtyping using three molecular approaches, ribotyping, Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). MLST showed three sequence types corresponding to two clonal complexes, (ST-78, CC-4) for S. Gallinarum, (ST-11, CC-4) for S. Enteritidis and (S-367, CC-37) for S. Cerro. While, MLVA generated six different profiles targeting nine loci for S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum.     

SPS措施影响中国禽肉出口的实证研究

基于1996—2011年间中国与日本、德国和沙特阿拉伯等主要禽肉进口国(地区)的面板数据,运用引力模型修正贸易零值的方法分析了SPS措施对中国禽肉产品出口的影响程度。研究表明,中国禽肉出口除了受进出口GDP变动、贸易距离、进口国关税等因素影响,还受到SPS措施的影响,国外红霉素最大残留量(MRLs)每严格1ppm,中国禽肉出口量就要减少0.408%。推进禽肉生产标准和发达国家标准接轨、实施严格的追溯制度、控制兽药残留水平是中国禽肉出口应对SPS措施的有效策略。     

金属检测器在速冻禽肉制品中的应用

金属检测器是速冻禽肉制品企业必不可少的装置。本文介绍食品用金属检测器的工作原理、影响其检测灵敏度的因素以及速冻禽肉制品企业对金属检测器报警品的处理方法等。旨在为速冻禽肉制品企业选购、使用金属检测器以及对可疑品的处理提供参考,确保食品安全。     

Antimicrobial effect of an Undaria pinnatifida composite film containing vanillin against Escherichia coli and its application in the packaging of smoked chicken breast

To develop a value‐added product, we used the under‐utilised seaweed Undaria pinnatifida as a source material for the fabrication of a biodegradable film by extracting U. pinnatifida protein (UPP). UPP/gelatine composite films with different constituent ratios were prepared. In addition, the UPP/gelatine composite films containing vanillin (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5%) were prepared as antimicrobial packaging material. To evaluate the utility of the UPP composite film containing 0.5% vanillin as food packaging material, smoked chicken breast samples inoculated with Escherichia coli were packed with the film and stored at 4 °C for 10 days. It was observed that packaging of smoked chicken breast with the UPP composite film containing vanillin decreased the population of the inoculated E. coli by 1.12 log CFU g^?1 compared with that in the control sample. Thus, the UPP/gelatine composite film with added vanillin can be utilised as a packaging material for smoked chicken breast.