Fundamentals of bitumen coking processes analogous to granulations: A critical review

A number of coking processes use hot particles to heat liquid bitumen or petroleum residue to cause cracking reactions. These particles may be mineral or coke solids. Interactions of these particles, in fluid beds, moving beds and other types of contactors, are governed by the liquid films on the particle surfaces. This paper explores the analogy between granulation and coking, and suggests that the key relationships that will govern the behavior of wet particles in coking processes are the Stokes number of the particles, the thickness or the liquid films, and the diameter and surface roughness of the particles. The implications for distribution of liquid feed in the reactor, fouling, and defluidization or bogging are discussed. This analysis suggests experiments that can be performed under non‐reactive conditions with scaled variables in order to study phenomena that cannot be observed in situ in high‐temperature cracking processes.     

化学清洗在某加氢裂化装置高压空冷器上的应用

对炼油系统加氢裂化装置生产过程中高压空冷管束内壁介质结垢及腐蚀原因进行了分析。采用化学清洗方法对管束内壁的结垢及腐蚀产物进行清洗，提高了设备的换热效果，避免了金属表面的腐蚀，保证了装置的安全运行。     

降低膜生物反应器中膜污染的研究

根据膜生物反应器中膜污染的几种类型,分析了膜污染形成的原因,介绍了几种描述膜污染的数学模型。从膜本身性质、料液性质到操作过程等总结了几种防止或降低膜污染的方法,提出了曝气生物滤池与膜过滤组合降低膜污染的工艺。     

载银活性炭/超滤组合技术去除溶解性有机物

为了强化水中溶解性有机物的去除效果,采用载银粉末活性炭与超滤( ultrafiltraction,UF)组合工艺处理微污染原水,研究了溶解性有机炭( dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和紫外吸光度( ultraviolet absorbance,UV254)的去除效果、三维荧光特性、影响因素以及膜污染控制的影响.研究结果表明：与常规粉末活性炭相比,载银活性炭对DOC和UV254的去除效果有较显著改善;在载银量0.10%、0.50%、1.00%和投炭量50、60、80、100 mg/L的条件下,随着活性炭载银量和投炭量的增加, DOC和UV254去除率呈现增加的趋势;单位质量的载银活性炭对UV254和DOC的去除率随投炭量的增加而下降,投炭量80 mg/L、载银量0.50%符合出水水质要求;载银粉末活性炭可以更有效地去除紫外区类腐殖质物质;吸附时间20 min时达到吸附平衡,活性炭在酸性条件下更有利于对有机物的吸附.载银活性炭对膜污染的控制较好,超滤膜经反洗后膜通量恢复较好,膜污染指数增长缓慢.     

颗粒污垢模型在微生物污垢研究中的适用性

为了研究微生物污垢的生长过程,本文根据微生物污垢与颗粒污垢形成机理的相似性,尝试了颗粒污垢模型应用于微生物污垢的可行性。结合修正的Gompertz微生物生长动力学模型,本文将三种颗粒污垢模型应用于圆管及交叉缩放椭圆管内的铁细菌污垢。结果表明:颗粒Kern-Seaton模型的计算结果与实验结果的相对误差最小,两管内该模型的相对误差基本都在±10%之间。     

进水碳氮比对UCT-MBR工艺运行效能及膜污染的影响

采用UCT型浸没式膜生物反应器处理合成市政污水,考查了ρ(COD)/ρ(TN)对该工艺在营养物去除效能及膜污染方面的影响.结果表明:UCT-MBR工艺抗冲击负荷能力强,ρ(COD)/ρ(TN)对COD去除效能几乎无影响,平均去除率保持在89.9%;在ρ(COD)/ρ(TN)为7.3时,TN和TP的去除率达到最高,分别为90.27%和92.4%.同时发现,ρ(COD)/ρ(TN)由3.2增加到7.3时通过同步硝化反硝化的脱氮率、缺氧除磷率分别由1.6%、7.94%提高到27.9%、44.91%.ρ(COD)/ρ(TN)的增加改变了脱氮途径,加速了膜污染速率.有机容积负荷的增加和溶解氧的降低是引起膜池通过同步硝化反硝化脱氮的主要原因,同时也影响着污泥的理化性质与代谢产物.由于胞外聚合物比污泥质量浓度和溶解性微生物产物的质量浓度在同步硝化反硝化的条件下增加,导致了污泥成分中颗粒与溶解性成分修正污染指数值均有所增加,从而使得污泥的可滤性恶化.在相同气水剪切力的背景下污泥粒径尺寸由于溶解氧的降低而略有下降.此外对附着在膜表面的生物膜的反硝化脱氮量与膜污染速率的相关性也进行了评估.     

矩形通道内CaCO_3污垢特性研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了矩形通道内CaCO3污垢的沉积过程,分析了CaCO3溶液的浓度、速度、温度对污垢沉积率、剥蚀率与污垢热阻的影响。结果表明,CaCO3在矩形通道内的沉积率、剥蚀率与污垢热阻随入口浓度的增大而增大,随着入口速度的增大而增大,但是随入口溶液温度的增大而减小。     

直接式污水源热泵蒸发器、冷凝器污垢生长测试研究

直接式污水源热泵是用污水作冷热源直接进入热泵机组蒸发器、冷凝器进行换热的系统形式,相对于使用中间换热器的间接式污水源热泵来说,减少了换热损失,但其污垢的生长严重影响了机组的性能.以西安某污水处理厂直接式污水源热泵为研究对象,该系统以城镇二级出水为冷热源,在机组换热器清理维护后对其进行了供暖、供冷两个工况的连续测试.结果表明由于流动形式和温度条件的不同,蒸发器和冷凝器内污垢的生长规律有所不同,作者测试计算得到了二者传热系数随着污垢生长的衰减特性,拟合出了污垢的生长预测模型,可为污水源热泵系统的设计和应用提供参考.     

加热炉阻垢增效试验

动力站掺水炉运行的是污水沉降罐出来的污水,加热后在盘管内壁生成大量的水垢,造成换热效率下降,加热炉出口温度降低,不能满足生产需求。针对这种情况,开展了加热炉阻垢现场试验。通过对污水水质化验分析,确定由PBTCA、HPMA按1:2复配阻垢剂,通过加药泵将阻垢剂加入到掺水系统中,进行掺水系统阻垢试验。试验结果表明,结垢速率降低了89%,加热炉效率提高了6%,阻垢试验有效地延缓了结垢速率,提高了加热炉换热效率。     

Hydrocarbon condensation modelling to mitigate fluid coker cyclone fouling

FLUID COKING is a continuous process that thermally converts heavy hydrocarbons, such as oil sands bitumen, to lighter and higher‐value products by horizontal spray injection onto a fluidized bed of hot coke particles. The cyclone sections of commercial fluid coker reactors experience fouling during typical operation, which limits unit run lengths. The main objective of this work is to improve fluid coker reliability by proposing cyclone fouling mitigation strategies based on practical operation modifications. This study developed a process simulation in Aspen Plus to establish the combined impact of vapour‐liquid equilibrium, endothermic thermal cracking reactions, pressure changes, and overall fluid dynamics in the selected fluid coker control volumes. The hydrocarbon composition was defined by applying an assay characterization of distillation data for representative hydrocarbon streams. Case studies were performed to determine the sensitivity of the predicted temperatures and hydrocarbon condensate flow rates for: (a) the burner‐to‐fluid coker transfer line temperature; (b) the hot coke flow rate; (c) hot coke entrainment from the freeboard region; and (d) scouring coke flow rate in the horn chamber. The scouring coke flow rate was identified as the most promising process lever to mitigate fluid coker cyclone fouling.