湿法炼铜领域中的膜技术

结合典型应用实例，介绍用纳滤，反渗透，超滤，微滤，扩散渗析等膜分离解决铜溶剂萃取工艺中存在的低浓度含铜浸出液处理，水平衡控制与铜的浓缩，电解贫液处理，絮凝物等问题，并分析我国湿法炼铜工业中采用膜技术的前景。     

快开式隔膜压滤机在马兰矿选煤厂的应用

从来料适应性、过滤速度、卸料速度、压榨水分、自动化程度、处理能力等方面介绍了快开式隔膜压滤机在马兰矿选煤厂的使用情况，通过与真空过滤机、加压过滤机的比较，说明了该压滤机在浮精脱水领域的效果。     

The removal of sulfate and metals from mine waters using bacterial sulfate reduction: Pilot plant results

A treatment process that bacterially converts sulfate into elemental sulfur via a hydrogen sulfide intermediate was demonstrated at pilot scale for the treatment of three mine waters that contained metals and sulfate. Ethanol served as the bacterial carbon and energy source. The mine waters were treated at rates that ranged from 50–150 L day⁻¹. Contaminant concentrations up to 13 mg L⁻¹ copper, 0.1 mg L⁻¹ mercury, 0.04 mg L⁻¹ cadmium, 3.5 mg L⁻¹ zinc, 0.68 mg L⁻¹ cobalt, 1.3 mg L⁻¹ nickel, 49 mg L⁻¹ iron, and 63 mg L⁻¹ aluminum were removed to meet water quality effluent limits. Manganese removal was about 80% under normal operating conditions but increased to 96% when the process was optimized for manganese removal. The process was shown to be capable of decreasing sulfate concentrations from 1800 mg L⁻¹ to less than 250 mg L⁻¹, nitrate from 100 mg L⁻¹ to less than 1 mg L⁻¹, arsenic from 8 mg L⁻¹ to less than 0.03 mg L⁻¹, and calcium from 310 mg L⁻¹ to less than 100 mg L⁻¹. Acid mine waters were neutralized using bacterially-generated alkalinity; no external alkalinity source was needed.     

Assessment of hydraulic performance and fouling control caused by pulse flow in hollow fiber membrane module

To shed light on the effect of pulse flow on shear force and membrane fouling, the pulse frequency and flow velocity based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology were studied. The results show that there is a threshold for this synergy between the pulse frequency and flow velocity, which forms more easily at a high pulse frequency and low flow velocity. Moreover, the transition from pulse flow to continuous flow affects the shear force distribution with the membrane module height. Besides, at the same volumetric flow, Re gradually reaches a plateau as the pulse frequency increases from 1 to 5 Hz, and the membrane fouling control has a better flux recovery, which can reach a maximum of 28.89%. Finally, the results also show that the combined effect of high pulse frequency and low flow velocity would be higher than that of low pulse frequency and high flow velocity.     

Synthesis of SBA 15 graphene oxide composite membrane using phenol–formaldehyde resin pore modifier for CO2 separation

Present study highlights the development of carbon-loaded SBA 15 membrane on clay-alumina tubular support and its performance on the CO₂ separation efficiencies from different mixture gases. To modify the large pores of SBA 15 by graphitic carbon, low molecular weight phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin was incorporated into the mesoporous channel followed by calcination under inert atmosphere. The modified ordered pore structure of the membrane has been characterized by low-angle XRD, TEM, and pore size distribution analysis. The chemical state of the deposited carbon phase into the SBA 15 pores was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. Carbon having graphitic nature mainly in graphene oxide has been deposited into the mesopore of SBA 15 resulting decrease in pore size from 8.9 to 1.0 nm. Finally, the developed SBA 15 carbon membranes were characterized by CO₂ permeation and separation selectivity of CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/CO. Highest CO₂/CH₄ separation factor was achieved as 16.9 with CO₂ permeance 13.6 × 10^–8 mol/m²/s/Pa at 200 kPa feed pressure by the 20% resin with 2 times coated membrane. In flue gas analysis, highest CO₂/CO separation factor of 32.8 was achieved. This study offers an observation on CO₂ separation from simulated BF gas for the first time and the results show the potential of the developed SBA 15/C composite membranes in commercial application.     

APTES改性ZIF-L/PEBA混合基质膜强化渗透汽化分离苯酚研究

渗透汽化(PV)膜分离是一种高效节能、无污染的化工分离技术,在有机废水处理领域的应用潜力巨大。以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)改性二维ZIF-L(AZLs),将其引入聚醚嵌段酰胺(PEBA)内制备AZLs/PEBA混合基质膜,用于分离水溶液中的苯酚。系统表征了所制膜的微结构与物化特性,考察了APTES添加量、AZLs填充量、操作温度、料液浓度等对膜分离性能的影响。结果表明：AZLs均匀分散在PEBA基质中,表明两者具有良好的界面相容性。AZLs的加入使得膜疏水性增强而表面自由能降低,从而提高了PEBA膜的选择性。当分离80℃、1000 mg/kg苯酚水溶液时,AZLs/PEBA膜总通量可达2046 g/(m²·h),分离因子为25.4,并且具有一定的稳定性。所制AZLs/PEBA混合基质膜在含酚废水处理方面具有应用前景。     

电渗析苦咸水淡化技术研究进展

电渗析苦咸水淡化技术具有脱盐效果好、成本较低、绿色环保等优点,但存在制膜工艺繁琐、传质模型不够精确、能效有待提升等问题。本文首先分析了苦咸水电渗析用离子交换膜的制备及改性方法,对膜材料存在的问题进行了探讨。综述对比了苦咸水电渗析在简化模型、理论模型、半经验模型方面的原理及最新进展,系统总结了常规苦咸水电渗析过程的运行方式和工艺优化策略,并进一步介绍了以新型电去离子、冲击电渗析、可再生能源驱动电渗析为代表的新型电渗析过程在苦咸水淡化方面的原理及应用。在此基础上,提出了今后的研究方向集中于降低制膜成本、优化传质模型、探究集成膜法淡化工艺以及新型电渗析过程等方面。     

电化学紫外耦合膜过滤深度处理化工废水中水研究

为了更有效地实现工业废水的"零排放",并且得到满足回用要求的高度净化回用水,研发了电化学紫外光联用耦合膜过滤技术对"零排放"工艺中双膜法当中的超滤或微滤预处理技术进行改良。结果发现,经过该工艺处理后的中水,其COD和UV;相比于单独膜过滤或电化学膜过滤工艺具有更高的去除率,且使用UVC作为电化学紫外光联用耦合膜过滤技术的光源处理废水时,水中COD的去除率相较于使用UVA紫外光光源的去除率更高。通过对不同处理时间三维荧光激发发射光谱图(EEM)的分析发现,被该技术所去除有机物的主要组分为腐殖质类物质以及蛋白质类物质,特别是腐殖质类组分的浓度显著降低。有机物的去除主要是由于电化学和紫外光联用可产生多种强氧化性自由基,从而降解废水中的有机污染物。     

烧成温度对MgO-TiO2复合无机陶瓷微滤膜支撑体性能的影响

采用添加造孔剂高温烧结法制备了氧化镁-二氧化钛（MgO-TiO₂）复合无机陶瓷微滤膜支撑体。分别研究了相同烧结制度下不同最高烧结温度、相同最高烧结温度不同的烧结制度下样品的孔隙率、抗弯强度及纯水通量的变化情况。采用热重分析（TG-DSC）、电子扫描电镜（SEM）和万能试验机等对样品进行热分析、观察样品形貌及抗弯强度等性能测试。研究表明,最高烧结温度和烧结制度对样品的性能有很大影响,采用最高烧结温度为1 400 ℃、升温速率分别为4、8、2 ℃/min的1400-482烧结制度所制备的支撑体的性能最佳,孔隙率为37.57%,抗弯强度为108.65 MPa,纯水通量为4 040 L/（m²?h?MPa）。     

反硝化除磷+短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化工艺的深度脱氮除磷效能

为经济高效地去除城市生活污水和硝酸盐废水中的氮磷元素,本研究在厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）和连续搅拌反应器（CSTR）一体式反应器中分别建立了反硝化除磷（DPR）和短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化（PDA）工艺。结果表明,反应器运行185天,在缺氧/厌氧和外加COD/NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N比仅为0.7条件下,PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P和TN的去除率高达96.91%和97.75%,最终出水PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P和TN的浓度低至0.22mg/L和3.30mg/L,意味着该系统极佳的脱氮除磷效果不依赖氧气和有机碳源量。DPR对系统PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P和TN的去除均占主体部分（99.07%和60.23%）,而PDA对总氮（TN）的去除占比呈现逐渐上升的趋势（4.53%→37.52%）。批次实验表明：①COD（300mg/L）显著抑制DPR菌活性,PO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}-P主要是在缺氧状态下以NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N为电子受体,有机物为电子供体通过DPR途径去除;②高效短程反硝化过程（亚硝酸转化率92.25%）稳定为厌氧氨氧化供给电子受体（NO{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}-N）,DPR系统剩余NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N主要被NO{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}-N氧化去除,因此DPR+PDA系统实现了高效同步脱氮除磷效果。高通量测序表明,Accumulibacter（7.41%）是DPR系统功能性除磷菌,Thauera（7.24%）和Candidatus Brocadia（3.12%）为PDA系统关键脱氮菌。