纯电动汽车太阳能辅助空调控制系统的硬件设计

纯电动汽车车载动力电池是其唯一的动力源且很有限,辅助设备消耗的电能减少了纯电动汽车的续驶里程,尤其是空调,所以开发高效的纯电动汽车空调系统是纯电动汽车能够被市场接受的关键。将纯电动汽车顶盖布满太阳电池,可以使空调系统的制冷能力增强,同时还能增加纯电动汽车的行驶距离。对小型纯电动汽车的太阳能辅助空调系统进行研究,设计出适合该空调的自动控制系统,可为纯电动汽车创造出一个更加舒适的驾驶和乘座环境。     

Solar barometric distillation for seawater desalting part I: Basic layout and operational/technical features

The report presents an innovative solar barometric distillation technology for seawater desalting (SW-SBD) which has several attractive features such as: (1) efficient vacuum solar collectors of simple construction; (2) a barometric layout for quasi-steady operation at subatmospheric pressure; (3) a demister system of simple mechanical construction; and (4) an electronic control system regulating plant productivity parameters on available solar radiation flux. The proposed seawater desalting technology consists of single-effect distillation with water vapor produced and heated at subatmospheric pressure in a solar collector loop; the basic layout, operational features, and energy efficiency are presented and analysed in detail. Subsequent reports will provide technico-economical data from prototype desalting plants in view of industrial implementation. A promising specific electric energy consumption,∼2 kWm³ offresh water produced, was found by estimating pumping power requirements of major SW-SBD plant pumps. A sizable reduction in produced water cost with respect to an existing solar seawater desalting plant in Abu Dhabi is expected on the basis of a preliminary economic evaluation for a ∼100 m³/d plant prototype.     

南京地区固定式安装太阳能电池板最佳倾角设计

对于固定安装的光伏电池板,其倾角的选择直接影响到所接收到的太阳辐射量,从而决定着太阳能利用系统的性能。本文在获得南京地区辐射资料的基础上,采用太阳辐射量气象学模型,针对任意方位角固定式安装的光伏电池板给出了最佳倾角的计算结果。该结果可为南京地区太阳能系统的设计与安装提供理论依据,并为相近地区太阳辐射量计算提供参考。     

Unsteady radiative heat transfer within a suspension of ZnO particles undergoing thermal dissociation

An emitting, absorbing, and anisotropically scattering plain medium containing a suspension of ZnO particles is considered, in which the particles are directly exposed to high-flux irradiation and undergo shrinkage during their endothermic dissociation into Zn(g) and O₂ at above 2100 K. The unsteady energy equation that links the rate of radiative heat transfer to the rate of the chemical reaction is formulated and solved numerically by the finite volume technique and the explicit Euler time-integration scheme. The path-length Monte Carlo method is applied for modeling the radiative transfer within the suspension using the absorption/scattering coefficients and the scattering phase function obtained from the Mie theory. It is found that the particle suspension can be heated rapidly from its initial 300 K to over 1800 K in less than 0.1 s, resulting in a more uniform temperature profile as the reaction progresses, particles shrink, and the suspension becomes optically thinner. The chemical conversion increases with decreasing initial particle diameter and volume fraction due to the efficient radiative absorption.     

Diamond-like carbon thin films by microwave surface-wave plasma CVD aimed for the application of photovoltaic solar cells

The nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films were deposited on quartz and silicon substrates by a newly developed microwave surface-wave plasma chemical vapor deposition, aiming the application of the films for photovoltaic solar cells. For film deposition, we used argon as carrier gas, nitrogen as dopant and hydrocarbon source gases, such as camphor (C₁₀H₁₆O) dissolved with ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH), methane (CH₄), ethylene (C₂H₄) and acetylene (C₂H₂). The optical and electrical properties of the films were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Nanopics 2100/NPX200 surface profiler, UV/VIS/NIR spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, electrical conductivity and solar simulator measurements. The optical band gap of the films has been lowered from 3.1 to 2.4 eV by nitrogen doping, and from 2.65 to 1.9 eV by experimenting with different hydrocarbon source gases. The nitrogen doped (flow rate: 5 sccm; atomic fraction: 5.16%) film shows semiconducting properties in dark (i.e. 8.1 × 10^{− 4} Ω^{− 1} cm^{− 1}) and under the light illumination (i.e. 9.9 × 10^{− 4} Ω^{− 1} cm^{− 1}). The surface morphology of the both undoped and nitrogen doped films are found to be very smooth (RMS roughness ≤ 0.5 nm). The preliminary investigation on photovoltaic properties of DLC (nitrogen doped)/p-Si structure show that open-circuit voltage of 223 mV and short-circuit current density of 8.3 × 10^{− 3} mA/cm². The power conversion efficiency and fill factor of this structure were found to be 3.6 × 10^{− 4}% and 17.9%, respectively. The use of DLC in photovoltaic solar cells is still in its infancy due to the complicated microstructure of carbon bondings, high defect density, low photoconductivity and difficulties in controlling conduction type. Our research work is in progress to realize cheap, reasonably high efficiency and environmental friendly DLC-based photovoltaic solar cells in the future.     

Synthesis, optical and morphological characterization of soluble main chain 1,3,4-oxadiazole copolyarylethers—potential candidates for solar cells applications as electron acceptors

New copoly(arylether)s containing substituted terphenyl, quinquephenyl, fluorene and anthracene moieties with aromatic 1,3,4-oxadiazole units were prepared and the resulting copolymers are soluble in common organic solvents. Investigation of their optical properties revealed that they emit blue and yellow light. Moreover, their photovoltaic response was studied in blends with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the electron donor. Despite the low power conversion efficiencies it was shown that photo-induced electron transfer does take place and the performances are higher than a single layer P3HT device. In addition, an anthracene-fluorene-oxadiazole main chain copolymer (PAFOXD) was also examined in a single layer photovoltaic device and gave one of the highest reported open-circuit voltage (V_oc) values in the literature (0.89 V). Finally, a detailed morphological study of the blends and the PAFOXD surface using the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique, revealed the effect of solvent selection to the preparation of thin films exhibiting the desired performance characteristics.     

A new maritime lifesaving multiple-effect solar still design

This paper presents a new maritime lifesaving multiple-effect solar still design where several extended wicks feed seawater to their evaporating areas by capillary force, and the resulting water vapor diffuses and condenses on facing wicks with the condensate flowing through the wicks into storage bags. A theoretical analysis showed that a temperature drop through diffusion layers between evaporating and condensing wicks slowly increases in the main evaporating areas and rapidly near salt depositions whereas the evaporation rate decreases slowly in the main area and rapidly near salt depositions. These changes are caused by increases in salt concentrations and resulting boiling point elevation. With steady-state transfer analysis, the proposed still is predicted to produce about 15 kg m ⁻²d⁻¹ fresh water on a sunny day of 22 MJm⁻²d⁻¹ solar radiation, showing a potential to be a maritime lifesaving desalinator.     

王集磷矿石不加温浮选试验

王集磷矿石采用GD系列捕收剂，在不加温的情况下可以获得与加温到55～60℃时相近的浮选指标。其经济效益和节能十分可观。