静电纺丝技术在氨硼烷水解脱氢催化剂制备中的应用

氨硼烷由于其氢质量分数高达19.6%,在环境条件下稳定性高,无毒,在普通溶剂中溶解度高,因此被视为是一种极具潜力的固体储氢材料。但是传统纳米金属催化剂颗粒容易出现团聚、损失、二次污染、难回收的问题。高压静电纺丝技术将微纳米纤维作为纳米金属颗粒的载体,制备出的催化剂可以有效弥补传统纳米金属催化剂的缺点。本文从静电纺丝技术、纳米纤维的分类、催化剂的分类3个角度重点介绍了静电纺丝法制备应用于氨硼烷水解的纳米催化剂。在纳米纤维的分类中详细介绍了应用电纺技术制备不同种类纤维的制作步骤和关键技术点;在催化剂的分类中全面详细介绍了贵金属以及非贵金属催化剂的制备工艺,对比两种催化剂制备的优缺点,总结出了催化剂颗粒以及载体的选择依据。最后分别提出通过技术设备的升级优化、催化颗粒与载体的合理设计、“三步”化学反应的方法来解决电纺技术效率低、催化性能差、氨硼烷再生难的问题。     

Impact of Australian natural gas and coal bed methane composition on PEM fuel cell performance

Several PEM fuel cell systems are currently being marketed or developed as natural gas fuelled stationary power generation or cogeneration systems. Whilst each of these may perform adequately when fuelled with methane, the composition of natural gas varies widely around the world, according to the source and even the season. This study investigated the variation in composition of fuel gas supplied in pipeline systems around Australia and how its chemical composition may affect the performance of PEM fuel cell systems than employ steam reforming, shift and selective preferential oxidation to convert the fuel gas to hydrogen. The study showed that the performance of the fuel cell system is affected by the chemical composition and that ammonia formed from gases with high nitrogen concentrations could limit the applicability of PEM fuel cells, and should be taken into account when manufacturers specify the allowable fuel gas compositions for their systems.     

Ammonia inhibition of electricity generation in single-chambered microbial fuel cells

Batch experiments are conducted at various concentrations of initial total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) with acetate as an electron donor to examine the effects of free ammonia (NH₃) inhibition on electricity production in single-chambered microbial fuel cells (MFCs). This research demonstrates that initial TAN concentrations of over 500 mg N L⁻¹ significantly inhibit electricity generation in MFCs. The maximum power density of 4240 mW m⁻³ at 500 mg N L⁻¹ drastically decreases to 1700 mW m⁻³ as the initial TAN increases up to 4000 mg N L⁻¹. Nitrite and nitrate analysis confirms that nitrification after complete acetate removal consumes some TAN. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) are also inhibited by increasing the initial TAN concentrations. Another batch experiment verifies the strong inhibitory effect of TAN with only small differences between the half-maximum effective concentration (EC₅₀) for TAN (894 mg N L⁻¹ equivalent to 10 mg N L⁻¹ as NH₃) and optimum TAN conditions; it requires careful monitoring of the TAN for MFCs. In addition, abiotic control experiments reveal that granular activated carbon, which is used as an auxiliary anode material, adsorbs a significant amount of ammonia at each TAN concentration in batch MFCs.     

TiO2–CdS supported CuNi nanoparticles as a highly efficient catalyst for hydrolysis of ammonia borane under visible-light irradiation

TiO₂–CdS nanotubes (NTs) were used for the first time as a support to load metal nanoparticles (NPs) for the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB) which is a new strategy. The TiO₂–CdS NTs support was first synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and then the CuNi NPs were loaded using a liquid-phase reduction method. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, XPS, ICP, UV–Vis, and PL analyses. The characterization results show that the CuNi NPs existed in the form of an alloy with a size of ~1.2 nm and uniformly dispersed on the support. Compared with their single metal counterparts, the bimetallic CuNi-supported catalysts showed a higher catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of AB under visible-light irradiation: Cu_0·45Ni_0·55/TiO₂–CdS catalyst had the fastest hydrogen evolution rate with a high conversion frequency (TOF) of 25.9 mol_H2·mol_cat⁻¹ min⁻¹ at 25 °C and low activation energy of 32.8 kJ mol⁻¹. Cu_0.45Ni_0.55/TiO₂–CdS catalyst showed good recycle performance, maintaining 99.3% and 85.6% of the original hydrogen evolution rate even after five and ten recycles, respectively. Strong absorption of visible light, improved electron–hole separation efficiency, and metal synergy between Cu and Ni elements played a crucial role in improving the catalytic hydrolysis performance of AB. The catalyst prepared in this study provides a new strategy for the application of photocatalysts.     

Chemical deactivation of V2O5/WO3–TiO2 SCR catalysts by additives and impurities from fuels, lubrication oils and urea solution: Part II. Characterization study of the effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals

A characterization study on a practice-oriented V₂O₅/WO₃–TiO₂ SCR catalyst deactivated by Ca and K, respectively, was carried out using NH₃-TPD, DRIFT spectroscopy, and XPS as well as theoretical DFT calculations. It was found from NH₃-TPD experiments that strongly basic elements like K or Ca drastically affect the acidity of the catalysts. Detailed DRIFT spectroscopy experiments revealed that these poisoning agents mostly interact with the Brønsted acid sites of the V₂O₅ active phase, thus affecting the NH₃ adsorption. Moreover, these experiments also indicated that the V⁵⁺ = O sites are much less reactive on the poisoned catalysts. XPS investigations of the O 1s binding energies showed that the oxygen atoms of the V⁵⁺ = O sites are affected by the presence of the poisoning agents. Based on these results and on DFT calculations with model clusters of the vanadia surface, the poisoning mechanism is explained by the stabilization of the non atomic holes of the (0 1 0) V₂O₅ phase as a result of the deactivation element. Consequently, V–OH Brønsted acid sites and V⁵⁺ = O sites are inhibited, which are both of crucial importance in the SCR process. The deactivation model also gives an explanation to the very low concentrations of potassium needed to deactivate the SCR catalyst, since one metal atom sitting on such a non-atomic hole site deactivates up to four active vanadium centers.     

用于海水中实时测量的氨氮测量仪

本文介绍一种新型的用于海水中实时测量的氨氮传感器。该传感器具有NH3／pH/T三电极复合式探头,能实时地将海水的酸度,温度以及氨的含量快速准确地测量,并由DSP（TMS320F206）为核心的数字信号处理系统对测量结果进行收集,分析处理,通过RS232／RS485将数据传送至陆地上的主系统。传感器处于自动运行模式。可在海水中连续一个月无故障工作,测量精度好于10％。     

A simple model for screening the local impacts of atmospheric ammonia

The dry deposition of ammonia from the atmosphere to the surface can lead to eutrophication of sensitive ecosystems and acidification of the soil. A large proportion of the ammonia emitted from agricultural sources can be deposited within a few kilometres and, therefore, impacts of ammonia dry deposition often occur near to the source. To assess these impacts, short-range atmospheric dispersion models are often applied to simulate the emission, dispersion and deposition of ammonia. However, these models can be time-consuming to run and often require detailed input data and, therefore, for multiple assessments it is useful to have a method of screening to discard scenarios where impacts are expected to be negligible. The SCAIL model (Simple Calculation of Ammonia Impact Limits) has been developed for this purpose. SCAIL estimates the atmospheric concentration and dry deposition at the nearest edge of a sensitive ecosystem (receptor) downwind of an ammonia source. These estimates are calculated based on simple meteorological data, the emission rate of the source, land cover type and distance to the receptor. Analysis of the model predictions showed that uncertainty in the model input data leads to an uncertainty in concentration and dry deposition estimates of 25–30% and 40–45% respectively. Detailed atmospheric dispersion models will also have similar uncertainties since they use similar types of input data. Comparison of the concentration predictions with previous measurements made around eight farms showed that the model significantly underestimated concentrations although the model performance was similar to existing screening techniques. The measurement dataset was used to calibrate the SCAIL model which subsequently performed better, using independent verification data, than existing models calibrated in a similar way. The benefits of the SCAIL model are already being seen in the UK, where it is used to screen farms for potential impacts on statutory nature conservation areas.     

Mathematical modeling of ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cells with different electrolytes

An electrochemical model was developed to study the ammonia (NH₃)-fed solid oxide fuel cells with proton-conducting electrolyte (SOFC-H) and oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte (SOFC-O). Different from previous thermodynamic analysis, the present study reveals that the actual performance of the NH₃-fed SOFC-H is considerably lower than the SOFC-O, mainly due to higher ohmic overpotential of the SOFC-H electrolyte. More analyses have been performed to study the separate overpotentials of the NH₃-fed SOFC-H and SOFC-O. Compared with the NH₃-fed SOFC-H, the SOFC-O has higher anode concentration overpotential and lower cathode concentration overpotential. The effects of temperature and electrode porosity on concentration overpotentials have also been studied in order to identify possible methods for improvement of SOFC performance. This study reveals that the use of different electrolytes not only causes different ion conduction characteristics at the electrolyte, but also significantly influences the concentration overpotentials at the electrodes. The model developed in this article can be extended to 2D and 3D models for further design optimization.     

蒸氨塔处理高浓度剩余氨水的应用研究

焦化废水含有酚类、氰化物、氨氮等有毒有害污染物,属于高浓度难降解有机工业废水之一.以某焦化厂的蒸氨处理工程为例,根据现场调试过程中总结的调试方案及运行结果,阐述了蒸氨塔处理高浓度剩余氨水的功效、蒸氨塔系统的设备选型以及蒸氨系统的操作方法和操作条件;总结了蒸氨塔在使用过程中可能出现的问题及解决措施.     

空气净化器对室内甲醛、氨气和TVOC净化效果的实验研究

在30m3的标准环境试验舱中,将一款空气净化器对甲醛、TVOC和氨气的净化性能进行了测试,计算了该净化器对试验气体的洁净空气量、净化效率和去除率。结果表明,该空气净化器对试验的三种气体均有较好的净化效果。