释放不同益害比多异瓢虫对设施豇豆豆蚜的防效及定殖影响

设施豇豆生产中常遭受豆蚜Aphis craccivora(Koch)为害,蚜害可导致豇豆产量、品质下降等问题出现。多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)为豆蚜的重要天敌,在豇豆生产用温室内,按多异瓢虫和豆蚜益害比1:10、1:20、1:40、1:60及1:80比例分别释放多异瓢虫成虫;同时,设置未释放天敌对照区。调查豆蚜和多异瓢虫种群数量和结构动态变化,比较豆蚜虫口减退率、防治效果、多异瓢虫定殖率及种群增长率等指标,确定持续防治豆蚜的最佳益害比。结果表明,在按益害比1:10和1:20释放多异瓢虫5～35 d后,其对豆蚜防效可达90%以上;但防治后期多异瓢虫定殖率低,防治成本较高。按益害比1:80释放多异瓢虫3～7 d后,对豆蚜防效高于60%,释放后期防效持效期为7 d,防治后期瓢虫定殖率和种群定殖速度较高。益害比为1:60和1:80时防治后期防效低、持效期短,但定殖率高于其他益害比。益害比1:40则兼具防效好和定殖率高的特点,可持续控制设施豇豆豆蚜的为害,是最佳释放比例。推荐将1:40作为多异瓢虫防治豇豆上豆蚜的参考益害比。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱结合判别分析法诊断蚕豆病虫害

为建立一种基于傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合判别分析的蚕豆病虫害诊断方法,以病虫害危害的蚕豆叶片样品FTIR数据为指标,采用逐步判别法,依据Fisher线性判别准则建立判别模型,对样品的病虫害种类和病原物类别进行诊断,比较了不同光谱范围和不同级别光谱数据以及挑选判别指标建立判别函数时5种方法的判别效果。结果表明,基于FTIR数据的判别分析能较好地诊断蚕豆病虫害种类和病原物类别,以波数1 800~1 200 cm-1的一阶导数光谱数据为判别指标进行诊断时效果较好;采用Unexplained variance逐步判别法对病虫害种类诊断时,正确率相对最高,为93.1%;采用Wilks’lambda逐步判别法对病原物类别诊断时,正确率为91.8%。FTIR光谱技术与判别分析方法相结合,可为蚕豆病虫害诊断提供一种简便易行的方法。     

Windborne migration routes of newly-emerged fall armyworm from Qinling Mountains–Huaihe River region,China

The fall armyworm(FAW, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith), invaded China in mid-December 2018; since then, it has become a great threat to Chinese agricultural production. Qinling Mountains–Huaihe River region(QM–HRR) is the transitional zone between northern and southern China, an important region for both corn and wheat production. Based on the actual occurrence of QM–HRR invaded by FAW in 2019, daily mean surface air temperature and nocturnal wind conditions at 925 hPa were examined, and migratory routes of FAW moths originated in QM–HRR were modeled by a forward-trajectory-analysis approach. The results indicated that migratory activities of FAW adults emerged in QM–HRR were initiated from late June. The moths from western QM–HRR, where has complex topographic terrain, mainly flied to Ningxia and Inner Mongolia before mid September. However, FAW moths from the eastern QM–HRR primarily engaged in high-altitude northward transport assisted by the prevailing southerly winds before mid August, and the North China Plain was identified as the main destination of FAW. Meanwhile, the migration trajectories of FAW moths had a possibility to reach the Northeast China Plain. From mid August, FAW moths in eastern QM–HRR largely migrated southward and returned to the Yangtze River Valley. This study provides detailed information on the occurrence and migration routes of FAW moths from QM–HRR and will be helpful for early warning and development of integrated pest management strategies for the control of this exotic insect pest.     

Larval diet affects development and reproduction of East Asian strain of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

In December 11, 2018, the fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda invaded China and has since impacted local maize, sorghum and other crops. Here, we draw on laboratory experiments to show how different host crops(i.e., maize, sorghum, wheat and rice) and artificial diet affect larval growth and adult reproduction of one local FAW strain. Larval diet affected development duration, pupation rate, survival and emergence rate of pupae, and S. frugiperda adult fecundity. FAW attained the slowest larval development(19.4 days) on sorghum and the fastest(14.1 days) on artificial diet, with larvae attaining 99.6% survival on the latter food item. On rice, FAW larvae attained survival rate of 0.4% and were unable to pupate successfully. Pupation rate and pupal survival varied substantially between artificial diet and live plantlets at different phenological stages. Pupal weight was the highest(0.26 g) on artificial diet and the lowest(0.14 g) on sorghum, while FAW females reached the highest fecundity(699.7 eggs/female) on 2-leaf stage maize. Egg hatching rate equaled 93.6% on 4-or 5-leaf stage maize and 36.6% on artificial diet. FAW intrinsic rate of natural increase and the finite rate of increase varied between larval diets, reflecting how young maize leaves are the most suitable diet. Our findings can help to refine laboratory rearing protocols, devise population forecasting models or guide the deployment of ‘area-wide' integrated pest management(IPM) modules in FAW-invaded areas of China and other Asian countries.     

病虫害综合信息网入侵检测系统研究

农业生产中难免会遇到病虫害的影响,如果处理不当将会在很大程度上影响农业生产。病虫害综合信息网是一个为中国农业生产提供病虫害防治措施的综合网站,农户可依据网站上的信息准确并快速治理病虫害,确保病虫害网站的信息安全就显得尤为重要。入侵检测系统是维护病虫害网站安全的一个有力工具。主要介绍现代入侵检测系统的组成,主要功能以及存在的缺陷,并针对病虫害综合信息网的特点,以模式匹配方式为例,介绍了入侵检测系统的应用。     

病虫害状态下作物叶片表观模拟方法

为了解决农作物病害三维场景难以模拟的问题,该文提出一种病虫害条件下叶片表观的模拟算法。该方法首先利用细胞纹理基函数控制病斑的形状、分布及扩散方式;之后为了模拟病斑在叶片上的堆积效果,采用shell模型进行模拟,并针对病斑的特点,对病斑的颗粒感、高度变化以及周边叶色的变化情况均进行建模。试验结果表明,该方法可以真实地模拟植物叶片在病害状态下的表观,可以容易地与病害知识进行结合,实现基于环境数据驱动的白粉病病情变化过程模拟,为数字农业设计及农业科普培训动画的制作提供有力工具。     

观赏桃园昆虫群落结构及多样性的研究

对观赏桃园昆虫群落的结构及多样性研究表明:观赏桃园昆虫有61种,隶属于11目44科。物种数随季节变化而变化,主要优势种为桃小绿叶蝉(Empoasca flavescensFabr.)和山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennesisZacher)。在不同时间其优势度、多样性、均匀性等也不断变化。根据群落的相异系数对观赏桃园6~9月的昆虫群落进行分析表明,9月上旬与9月中旬的昆虫群落最为相似,其次是7月下旬与8月中旬。     

茅台酒用有机高粱主要病虫害发生及防治对策

通过观察和分析高粱主要病虫害的发生危害时期等规律,提出了用农业、物理、生物等主要防治措施和对策,有效地减轻和防止高粱病虫害的发生和危害,对指导茅台酒用有机高粱生产达到高产、优质、高效、低耗、安全的目的有着十分重要的作用.     

佳木斯地区水稻病虫害发生演替趋势

水稻病虫害是佳木斯地区主要生物性灾害,为适时掌握佳木斯地区水稻病虫害消长、演替趋势,建立有效防范策略,特进行研究。初步了解,由于气候、品种选择、防治、预测预报、栽培等因素,导致部分病虫害时重时轻、年际间波动大,新侵入生物灾害呈逐年上升趋势,危险性农业有害生物呈全面渗透、逐年扩大之势等问题。针对这些问题提出了加强基础性研究,掌握发生动态,建立预警、监测体系,强化"绿色植保"理念等对策。     

杀虫剂分子靶标烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体研究进展

昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,nAChRs)广泛分布于昆虫中枢神经系统,是杀虫剂作用的主要靶标。目前昆虫中该受体的天然亚基组成尚不完全明确。果蝇的任意α亚基与脊椎动物的一个β亚基共表达是目前最好的异源表达模型,但仍然急需新的研究工具,研究表明一些与受体相关的蛋白质影响着表达。胞内磷酸化的调节作用为今后受体药理学特性的研究提供了新方向。受体亚基上一些关键氨基酸在新烟碱杀虫剂对受体的选择作用中起重要作用。在对吡虫啉抗性的褐飞虱种群中找到了与抗性相关的突变位点,这为新烟碱类杀虫剂靶标不敏感性研究提供了直接证据。对昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的分子多样性、功能表达、胞内调节机制、受体与杀虫剂的选择作用及其抗性分子机理等的研究进展进行了综述。