砧木对盐处理下‘丰水’梨幼树光合特性的影响

 用CIRAS-1便携式光合作用测定系统研究不同盐浓度处理下，分别以‘豆梨’、‘杜梨’作砧木的‘丰水’梨幼树叶片光合作用。结果表明：(1)不同砧木对盐处理下的丰水梨叶片光合作用反应有显著影响；(2)在相同条件下杜梨上的丰水较豆梨上的丰水有更高的净光合率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs )、蒸腾速率(Tr)和羧化效率(CE)，而在高浓度盐处理下，前者较后者有较低的细胞间隙CO₂浓度(Ci)。(3)低盐胁迫对梨叶片光合作用的抑制，初期主要表现为气孔性限制，而在高盐处理和低盐处理后期主要表现为非气孔性限制；(4)不同砧木对梨叶片光合作用的影响在高盐处理后期差异不明显。     

新疆策勒绿洲胡杨水分生理特性研究

本文对新疆策勒绿洲胡杨在灌溉前后水分生理特性变化进行了研究。结果表明：1）灌溉后胡杨水势的日均值（-1.45MPa0比灌溉前（-1.97MPa)有显著增加；2）灌溉后胡杨蒸腾速率的日均值（1.41mmolm^-2s^-1)比灌溉前（1.34mmolm^-2s^-1)有所升高，但幅度不大；3）试验证明，胡杨的生长对环境水分状况的依赖性相对较强，因此，维持胡杨生境内的水分平衡，是促进胡杨正常生长，更新的重要前提，该研究将对策勒绿洲胡杨的合理利用和科学管理提供一定的理论依据。     

施氮量和密度互作对全覆膜旱作甜菜光合特性和块根产量的影响

全覆膜具有增温、保墒和压草的作用,是干旱区农作物种植的有效措施。为探索旱作甜菜在全覆膜条件下的适宜施氮量和种植密度,采用二因素裂区试验设计,研究施氮量和密度不同组合处理对全覆膜旱作甜菜光合特性的影响,为旱作甜菜高产栽培提供依据和参考。研究结果表明,全覆膜条件下施氮水平和密度对旱作甜菜光合特性影响的互作效应显著;适宜的施氮量和密度配置有利于甜菜SPAD值、叶面积指数、净光合速率（P_n）、单株干物质积累量、根冠比以及块根产量的提高,SPAD值、叶面积指数、P_n、单株干物质积累量均与产量呈正相关。在甜菜块根糖分增长期,SPAD值和叶面积指数分别维持在53.8和4.5时,旱作甜菜产量最大;通过二项式回归分析建立密度和施氮量与产量的回归方程,得出全覆膜旱作甜菜高产适宜的种植密度为9.35万株/hm ²,施氮量为128.8kg/hm ²。     

Physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of different cereal aphids

Cereal aphids are major insect pests of wheat, which cause significant damages to wheat production. Previous studies mainly focused on the resistance of different wheat varieties to one specific aphid species. However, reports on the physiology and defense responses of wheat to different cereal aphids are basically lacking. In this work, we studied the feeding behavior of three cereal aphids: the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae(Fabricius), the greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum(Rondani), and the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus) on winter wheat, and the physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of these cereal aphids with focus on how these cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to optimize their nutrition requirement from wheat leaves. Our results indicated that S. graminum and R. padi were better adapted to penetrating phloem tissue and to collect more nutrition than S. avenae. The harm on wheat physiology committed by S. graminum and R. padi was severer than that by S. avenae, through reducing chlorophyll concentration and interfering metabolism genes. Furthermore, cereal aphids manipulated the plant nutrition metabolism by increasing the relative concentration of major amino acids and percentage of essential amino acids. In addition, different cereal aphids triggered specific defense response in wheat. All of these results suggested that different cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to change the physiological and defense responses of their host plants in order to optimize their nutrition absorption and requirement. These findings not only extend our current knowledge on the insect–plant interactions but also provide useful clues to develop novel biotechnological strategies for enhancing the resistance and tolerance of crop plants against phloem-feeding insects.     

马铃薯耐盐性研究进展

从马铃薯耐盐资源的评价、盐胁迫对马铃薯的生理影响、马铃薯盐胁迫应答分子机制和基因工程提高马铃薯耐盐性等4个方面综述马铃薯耐盐性研究现状,并做出讨论和展望,以期为揭示马铃薯耐盐机理、耐盐种质资源鉴定和培育耐盐马铃薯品种提供理论参考。     

遮光及增加UV-B辐射对高寒草甸矮嵩草光合色素以及光合作用的影响

以矮嵩草草甸上天然太阳辐射为背景,建立人工增强太阳UV-B辐射和遮光装置,分别模拟平流层臭氧损耗5%时近地面的太阳UV-B辐射和滤去40%-60%的太阳辐射强度。结果表明,经过40多天的增强UV-B辐射处理降低了矮嵩草光合色素的含量以及Chla/b的比值,而使Chlb/(a b)比值上升。增强UV-B辐射还使矮嵩草的光合速率、呼吸速率以及表观量子效率(AQY)下降。遮光处理使得矮嵩草光合色素含量上升,Chla/b和Chlb/(a b)比值基本不变。遮光处理还提高了矮嵩草的光合速率、呼吸速率以及表观量子效率(AQY)。     

羊驼生殖器官的解剖与生殖生理学特性

综述了羊驼生殖器官的解剖结构与发情、排卵、交配、妊娠和分娩等生殖生理学特征及生殖相关问题。雄性羊驼生殖器官主要特征是睾丸相对较小,缺精囊腺,阴囊位置靠近肛门,阴茎为纤维性类型,阴茎形成S形弯曲,交配时伸出包皮,包皮口朝后,排尿时尿流向后方。雌性羊驼生殖器官主要特征是子宫为双角子宫,子宫颈皱襞不发达,子宫黏膜结构与猪和马的相似。羊驼为单胎动物,交配诱导排卵,通常是单个排卵,即仅有一个卵泡破裂。雌性羊驼无明显的发情表现,性成熟母羊驼空怀状态随时接受交配,交配为卧式交配。妊娠率较高,妊娠与否可以通过多种妊娠检测方法来确定;自然情况下很少有难产发生,遇有特殊情况才需要助产。     

精胺对菊花蕾期叶片生理及花期形态的影响

研究了不同浓度(0,0.1,0.2,0.5mmol·L-1)的精胺(Spm)对菊花品种兼六香菊绿蕾期叶片生理生化、开花时期和花期形态的影响.结果表明,Spm可使菊花蕾期叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性蛋白含量都比对照组有不同程度的提高.处理组花期的花径、株径、株高均高于对照组,外观株型整体比对照美观,其中以0.1 mmol·L-1处理的效果最明显,开花时间比对照提前3d,整个花期延长10d.     

氮磷钾配施对平欧杂种榛果实成熟期光合特性和产量品质的影响

以新疆9年生的平欧杂种榛为研究对象,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对平欧杂种榛光合特性和产量品质的影响。采用“3414”田间肥料效应试验,测定不同施肥配比条件下果实成熟期榛子叶片的光合特性和叶绿素最大光能转化效率的日变化及对产量和品质的响应。结果表明:施肥配比N 1P 2K 2(“0”为不施肥,“1”为常规施肥量的50%,“2”为常规施肥量,“3”为常规施肥量的150%)和N 2P 1K 2比N 0P 0K 0可显著提高叶绿素最大光能转化效率和光能转化化学能的效率,且比N 0P 0K 0净光合速率日累积值分别提高13.03%和16.54%、蒸腾速率日累积值分别提高32.11%和34.61%、水分利用效率日累积值分别提高53.38%和68.26%;通过对榛果产量及品质分析得出,N 0P 2K 2和N 1P 2K 2的施肥配比,较N 0P 0K 0配比单果质量分别提高21.43%和10.27%、果仁质量分别提高11.39%和2.53%、单株产量分别提高31.37%和18.63%。综合比较分析,N、P 2O 5、K 2O施肥(纯量)参数分别为0.35、0.30、0.20 kg·株-1时能够提高平欧杂种榛成熟期的光合特性、产量及品质。     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.