棕色化反应的理论与实践

剖析了棕色化反应机理,梳理出棕色化反应认识上的不足。归纳出酶促棕色化反应发生的核心要素是细胞组织结构的解体。细胞组织结构解体有两种途径:一是细胞组织结构受到损伤;二是细胞组织衰老后的程序性死亡。对烟草调制过程中的棕色化进行了区分,并提出了调控棕色化反应的途径。     

Effect of different carbohydrates on the functional properties of black rice glutelin (BRG) modified by the maillard reaction

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the glycosylation of BRG on its structures and functional properties. The glycosylation of BRG was achieved via Maillard reactions with four carbohydrates, including arabinose (AN), sodium alginate (SA), maltodextrin (MD), and lactose (LT), and the corresponding conjugates were named BRG-AN, BRG-SA, BRG-MD, and BRG-LT, respectively. The formation of the BRG conjugates was confirmed by changes in the BRG amino groups, conjugation degree, as well as molecular weight. BRG-AN and BRG-MD presented a significantly higher conjugation degree and lower amino group levels compared to the other two conjugates. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis indicated that all the conjugated BRG displayed markedly decreased levels of β-sheets and increased levels of α-helixes. However, only BRG-AN increased significantly in irregular loops. Results from the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that the most apparent changes in the structures of BRG conjugates were evident as absorption peaks at 3389 cm⁻¹, 1528 cm⁻¹, 1230 cm⁻¹, and 953–1180 cm⁻¹. After glycosylation, the solubility, emulsion activity index (EAI), and emulsion stability index (ESI) of BRG were significantly improved. After glycosylation of the BRG, induced by Maillard reactions with four carbohydrates, the denaturation temperature (T_d) and enthalpy (ΔH) change values increased substantially from 90.16 °C to 124.28 °C and 11.01 J/g to 18.43 J/g, respectively. The results indicated that BRG-AN exhibited better solubility, EAI, and ESI than the other BRG conjugates.     

红三叶异黄酮在刈割6 h内的变化规律

以豆科牧草红三叶(Trifolium pratense L.)为试验材料,研究6 h内连续刈割后‘炫丽’和‘海发’两品种的叶片和茎秆中抗逆物质异黄酮的含量变化。结果表明,叶片和茎秆的异黄酮总含量在刈割后均明显增加。4种异黄酮类化合物在不同品种和部位中表现出不同的变化趋势。鹰嘴豆素A、芒柄花素含量在‘炫丽’叶片、茎秆刈割3 h后显著增加,而在‘海发’的叶片中表现为下降趋势。大豆苷元含量除在‘炫丽’叶片中保持不变,在其余样品中增加,在茎秆中增加显著。染料木素含量最低,刈割后在‘海发’叶片中增加,‘炫丽’茎秆中显著增加,其余均呈下降趋势。综上可知,异黄酮是红三叶受到刈割后的主要应激响应物质之一,与植物体的再生和恢复密切相关。     

射流空化对大豆蛋白美拉德反应及产物乳化特性的影响

为改善美拉德反应改性大豆分离蛋白效率低、反应时间长、能耗高等缺陷,研究了不同射流空化压力对大豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖美拉德反应进程的影响,并进一步研究射流空化压力对产物结构及乳化特性的影响。结果显示:当射流空化压力为1. 5 MPa时,SPI与葡聚糖美拉德反应进程最大,A420达到0. 55,褐变程度提高了17. 02%,增加了中间产物含量(P 0. 05),接枝度从32. 54%增加到57. 89%; SDS-PAGE验证了射流空化促进大豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖美拉德反应;射流空化处理后,SPI的荧光强度和紫外吸收峰升高,表明空化处理改变了蛋白分子空间,表面疏水性增强,但SPI-葡聚糖反应产物的荧光强度和紫外吸收峰降低,说明葡聚糖共价结合到处理后的SPI表面,其亲水基团增多,疏水性降低; SPI-葡聚糖美拉德反应产物的乳化活性、乳化稳定性分别提高了40. 61%和48. 46%。     

禽畜废水厌氧反应动力学研究

为开发禽畜废水厌氧处理技术,利用外循环反应装置开展了畜禽废水厌氧反应动力学研究,以温度、基质COD值以及p H值为因素,设计了三因素三水平正交试验;引入温度参数,改进了Monod方程,建立了基质消耗、产物生成动力学模型;经线性、非线性回归,获得了模型参数,建立了相应的动力学方程,揭示了反应温度、基质COD值对反应速率的影响规律。研究表明:对基质消耗速率而言,反应活化能很低,可以忽略温度对反应速率的影响;温度对产物CH_4和CO_2的生成反应速率有影响,温度越高,越有利于CO_2的生成。建立的禽畜废水厌氧反应动力学模型能够较好地拟合试验数据,对厌氧反应器的开发设计具有参考价值。     

Detection of Ehrlichia canis by polymerase chain reaction in dogs from Portugal

Antibodies against Ehrlichia canis, the cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, have been reported previously in clinically ill and stray dogs from Portugal. In this study, the 16S rRNA gene of E. canis was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 12/55 (22%) of dogs with suspected tick-borne disease in the Algarve region in Portugal.     

Serologic and molecular evidence of coinfection with multiple vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Thailand

Forty-nine dogs from Thailand were evaluated for serologic evidence of exposure or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evidence of infection with vectorborne pathogens, including Ehrlichia sp. (Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, and Ehrlichia risticii), Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi (Bvb), spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae (Rickettsia rickettsii), Typhus group (TG) rickettsiae (Rickettsia canada, Rickettsia prowazekii, and Rickettsia typhi), and Babesia sp. (Babesia canis and Babesia gibsonii). All study dogs had at least 1 of 3 entry criteria: fever, anemia, or thrombocytopenia. By immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) testing, seroreactivity was most prevalent to E chaffeensis (74%) and E canis (71%) antigens, followed by E equi (58%), Bvb (38%), E risticii (38%), R prowazekii (24%), B canis (20%), R rickettsii (12%), R canada (4%), and B gibsonii (4%) antigens. There was 100% concordance between E canis IFA and Western blot immunoassay (WI) for 35 of 35 samples; 2 samples were IFA and WI reactive only to E equi antigens. By PCR amplification, 10 dogs were found to be infected with E canis, 5 with Ehrlichia platys, and 3 with B canis. Sequencing of PCR products was undertaken to compare Ehrlichia strains from Thailand to strains originating from the United States. Partial DNA sequence analysis confirmed infection with E canis and E platys, with identical 16S rRNA sequence alignment to E canis (U26740) and to E platys (M83801), as reported in GenBank. Partial E canis P28.1 and P28.2 amino acid sequences from Thai dogs were divergent from analogous sequences derived from North American E canis (AF082744) strains, suggesting that the Thai dogs were infected with a geographically distinct strain of E canis compared to North American strains. The results of this study indicate that dogs in Thailand have substantial exposure to vectorborne diseases and that coinfection with these pathogens may be common.     

Detection of Ehrlichia platys in dogs in Australia

OBJECTIVE: To describe the detection of Ehrlichia platys in free-roaming dogs in Central Australia. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected from four dogs and examined for bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based assays. The three positive samples obtained were then sequenced and identification of the PCR product carried out. As a result of all three samples being identical to or closely related to part of the 16S rRNA gene of E. platys, blood samples were subsequently obtained from a further 24 dogs. These samples were screened using a PCR-assay to determine the presence of Ehrlichia DNA using genus-specific primers. The positive samples obtained from the screening process were then subjected to a further PCR-assay using E. platys specific primers. RESULTS: Of 28 dogs sampled, Ehrlichia DNA was detected in the blood of 13 dogs. Sequencing of the amplicons obtained indicated a high homology with the 16S rRNA gene for E. platys. When the E. platys-specific PCR was performed for 10 of those dogs, the 678 bp product obtained from the PCR amplification confirmed the identification as part of the 16S rRNA gene of E. platys in all 10 dogs. CONCLUSION: This study reports for the first time Ehrlichia carriage by dogs in Australia. It also indicates the usefulness of the PCR technique in rapidly and accurately identifying diseases that are otherwise difficult to detect. By using universal primers directed against bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA and sequencing analysis, the detection of potentially pathogenic Ehrlichia organisms that had not previously been found in Australia has been made possible.     

桑天牛成虫肠道细菌基因组DNA的提取及PCR反应体系优化

为了建立一套适用于桑天牛肠道细菌多样性研究的PCR反应体系和程序,采用改良的十六烷基三乙基溴化铵(CTAB)法提取桑天牛成虫肠道细菌基因组DNA,通过L16(45)正交组合试验和单因素梯度试验对MgC l2、dNTP、随机引物、TaqDNA聚合酶、模板DNA的浓度和退火温度、循环次数等影响PCR扩增的重要因素进行优化。试验结果表明,采用改良的CTAB方法提取的桑天牛成虫肠道细菌DNA质量较高,适宜于PCR扩增分析。25μLPCR反应体系及反应程序中各因素优化组合为:10×Buffer 2.5μL,MgC l22.0 mmol/L,dNTP 0.2 mmol/L,随机引物0.48μmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶0.75 U,模板DNA 75 ng;退火温度60℃,循环次数30次。