Maximum slat width for cooling efficiency of horticultural produce in wooden crates

The influence of wood package design on airflow distribution was investigated for forced-air cooling using horticultural produce simulators. The position of grooves on the container walls was tested using slat width of 100–200 mm and airflow rates ranging from 0.0005 to 0.003 m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻¹. The package opening configurations were compared based on their impact on the energy added to the system using a methodology previously developed. For this purpose, apples and sweet corns were taken as examples of produce from two different extremes in the respiration activity range. For airflow rates as low as 0.0005 m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻¹one groove at the bottom of the container produced a cooling process more uniform than the other one-groove configurations and even two grooves because of natural convection effect. If packing low respiration rate produce, increasing airflow rate could compromise the process energy efficiency because of air circulation obstruction for less vented containers. For high respiration rate produce enlarging open area above 2.4% would be recommended rather than increasing airflow rate to enhance cooling energy efficiency.     

The Numerical Simulation Commercial Software for Secondary Cooling Process in Billet Continuous Casting

A numerical simulation commercial software has been developed by the object-oriented Visual Basic programming language on the basis of the 2D mathematical model of secondary cooling Process in billet continuous casting. Thereby an effective experimenting tool for computer simulation of continuous casting process is gained. By simulation with the software, the caster structures and operating parameters in continuous casting can be designed and optimized. The simulating calculation examples on several casters and its production applications indicate that the commercial software developed has more accuracy, practicability and commonality, as also as simpler operating capability. The simulated results have been successfully applied to the design and production of the high-efficiency modification for several billet casters interiorly.     

太阳能制冷低温储粮应用效果初探

从降低机械压缩式制冷低温储粮能耗及运行成本的角度出发,设计、建造了一台太阳能吸附式制冷系统,并将该系统在高温季节进行了低温储粮的实仓实验。测试结果表明:在夏秋高温季节,采用太阳能制冷系统冷却粮仓上部空气隔离层,可有效降低仓温,抑制粮温回升,实现准低温储粮。经济性分析表明太阳能制冷系统用于低温储粮的运行成本明显低于压缩式制冷谷物冷却机。     

Effect of cooling rate on high temperature mechanical properties of weathering steel

High temperature mechanical properties are key factors which affect fracture production during deforming process of continuous casting. High temperature properties of weathering steel Q450NQR1 are tested in 3 cooling rates (1.65, 5, 10 ℃/s) using Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator. Specimens appear austenite dynamic recrystallization at 1 050 ℃, and the ductility reaches the lowest point and the reduction of area approaches 23% at 850 ℃ in 3 cooling rates. As the cooling rate increases, the low ductility area where cracks are easy to be produced in slabs is enlarged and extended towards low temperature, and the ductility troughs are deepened. The increase of the cooling rate decreases the tensile stress and yield stress, while when the cooling rate increases to some degree, it doesn’t affect the stress. The low cooling rate decreases the film or network ferrite producing in austenite grain boundary, and the carbonitride of microalloy is enwrapped in matrix, which is helpful to improve the ductility of steel.     

Development of HRB500E seismic grade rebars by using VN microalloyed and controlled cooling process

In order to reduce the production cost of HRB500E seismic grade rebars, promote its production and application, HRB500E seismic grade rebars are developed by using VN microalloyed and controlled cooling process in domestic steel plant. The mechanism and effect of precipitation strengthening and fine-grain strengthening, the relationship between termination temperature after controlled cooling and mechanical properties of rebars, microstructure, welding and aging properties, high-strain and low-cycle fatigue properties for rebars are researched by using metallographic microscopy, scaning electron microcopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction apparatus, flash-butt welding, materials testing machine and mechanical properties testing. The results show that V(C,N) precipitation amount accounts for 66.67% of the total amount of vanadium by adding VN alloy in liquid steel, effect of microalloy precipitation strengthening is remarkable; when termination temperature after controlled cooling is controlled at 680～710 ℃, the amount of strength surplus for rebars is more than 25 MPa, R m/ R eL ratio is greater than 1.26, uniform elongation ( A gt) is more than or equal to 11.5%, good effect of fine grain strengthening and seismic performance are obtained; rebars have some good features such as low strain aging, good welding performance, high-strain and low-cycle fatigue properties; compared with VN microalloyed and hot-rolled process,the production cost is reduced by RMB 82 Yuan/t, and economic benefit is obvious.     

白石水库碾压混凝土重力坝基础垫层混凝土裂缝的原因分析

白石水库大坝为碾压混凝土重力坝，因工期和导流的需要，在浇筑大坝基础垫层混凝土时，有的部位安排在秋季浇筑，有的部位安排在春季浇筑，浇筑完毕后即放入河水进行保护，且均存水下越冬。在恢复浇筑混凝土前，对这些基础垫层混凝土进行了全面检查，发现有些坝段出现了裂缝，而有些坝段没有出现裂缝。通过对原始资料的研究分析，查到了产生裂缝的主要原因，并采取了切实可行的处理方法，同时为今后类似工程的设计与施工提供了参考。     

苹果保鲜链中的几个重要环节

采摘、预防和贮藏是苹果保鲜链中的重要环节，采摘适宜成熟度的苹果可使贮藏更为容易并能避免多种水果病害，及对预冷可迅速去除田间热，从而延长保鲜期。气调贮藏不但经济而且有效。文章中介绍了小包装气调贮藏和大帐气调贮藏2种方法。     

丙烷致冷工艺在轻烃回收中的应用

介绍了在丙烷致冷工艺的研制开发、设计、生产实践过程中对这一新技术的认识，阐述了丙烷致冷工艺的特点，通过与其它致冷工艺作比较，认为丙烷致冷工艺具有流程简单、操作方便、轻烃收率高、适应性强、操作弹性大等优点，提出在以回收Ｃ３＾＋组为目的天然气轻烃回收装置设计中，当原料气组成中Ｃ３＾＋组分的含量达到２５０ｇ／ｍ＾３（标）以上时，推广应用丙烷致冷工艺是合理的。在肯定丙烷致冷工艺所取得社会效益与经济效益的同     

生物素缺乏及肉鸡和种鸡日粮中添加生物素效果的研究

５４０只１日龄红布罗商品代雏鸡随机分为９组，第１组饲喂以小麦为基础的诱发日粮，第２和第３组在１组基础上分别添加３００（μｇ／ｋｇ日粮）生物素和动物脂肪（前期２％，后期３％）。第４至９组饲以玉米－豆饼型日粮，前后期分别添加０，５０，９０，１２０，１５０，２００和０，５０，７０，９５，１２０，１６０（μｇ／ｋｇ日粮）的生物素。结果表明：生物素缺乏造成足底皮肤炎，肝脏脂肪酸成分发生变化：不饱和脂肪酸（棕榈油酸）显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），饱和脂肪酸（硬脂酸）减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２９日龄绝食２４ｈ，饲喂诱发日粮的鸡，血糖、肝糖原和肝脏总脂肪含量下降，血浆甘油三酯增加，但无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。玉米－豆饼型日粮中添加不同水平生物素，绝食后血糖、肝糖原和甘油三酯含量未发生显著变化，随生物素添加水平提高，对足部皮肤状况有一定的改善作用，前期添加１５０或２００（μｇ／ｋｇ日粮）生物素对增重和饲料报酬较好，而后期添加生物素影响不大。种鸡试验选用３３６只２０周龄育成种鸡随机分为３组，分别饲以添加有０，１００，１５０μｇ／ｋｇ生物素的日粮。初步结果表明：生物素对蛋重无影响，日粮添加１００和１５０μｇ／ｋｇ生物素可提高受精率０     

气象因子和土壤质地影响下刺槐蒸腾对土壤水分有效性的响应

On the Loess Plateau of China, a dry soil layer may form due to excess transpiration, leading to degradation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) stands. In order to better manage projects involving black locust, this study was intended to investigate the response of black locust transpiration rate to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors using two representative soils(loamy clay and sandy loam) on the Loess Plateau. Four soil water contents were maintained for black locust seedlings grown in pots initially outdoors and then in a climate-controlled chamber, by either drying or irrigating the pots. In both environments, daily transpiration rates were related by a power function to air temperature and by a logistic function to reference evapotranspiration(ET0). Transpiration rates were more susceptible to changes in the meteorological conditions in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. The transpiration rate in the well-watered treatment was greater for black locust grown in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. Normalized transpiration rates were unaffected by ET0 until a critical value of soil water content(θc) was attained; the θc value decreased significantly for the loamy clay soil but increased significantly for the sandy loam soil when ET0 increased. These suggested that the effect of the meteorological condition on the transpiration characteristics of black locust was dependent on soil texture.