Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in goats

AIMS: To compare two methods of applying rubber rings to the pedicles of yearling stags to induce analgesia in the antler prior to removal. To compare the application of a rubber ring with that of a lignocaine ring block of the antler pedicle on the efficacy and time course of the analgesia produced in yearling stags.

METHODS: Rubber rings were applied to the pedicles of 36 yearling stags that required velvet antler removal. The standard method, a doubled-over ring expanded and lowered down from the distal end of the antler and released midway down the pedicle, was compared with a cable-tie method on the other pedicle, where a ring was pulled around the pedicle by an electrical cable tie threaded through the ring. Brief electrical stimulation (train-of-four mode) was applied proximal and distal to the ring before, and at regular intervals for 1 hour after, application of the ring to a level that produced an auriculopalpebral reflex response.

In a second experiment, each pair of antlers per yearling stag (n=36) was allocated to one of three pairs of treatments, viz no treatment (control) and the cable-tie method as described above, control and local anaesthesia (a ring block of 2 ml 2% lignocaine per cm pedicle circumference), or the cable-tie method and local anaesthesia. Electrical stimulation (tetanic mode) was applied to each antler approximately 25 mm distal to the pedicle/antler junction before, and at intervals up to 1 hour after, application of treatments at a level required to produce a head/neck avoidance behavioural response.

In a third experiment, the two electrical stimulation protocols used above were directly compared by measuring the response of stags (n=8) to one protocol on each pedicle/antler prior to, and at intervals for 1 hour after, application of a rubber ring. At the end of each treatment in all three experiments, analgesia of the antler was established as a nil behavioural response of the stag to a saw cut to the antler (the ‘nick test’).

RESULTS: For both methods of application of a ring the minimum electrical stimulation required distal to the ring to elicit a reflex response increased from around 16 to 55 mA by 60 minutes. In contrast, the electrical stimulation required proximal to the ring remained low (~17.0 mA) throughout. No stag subjected to either of the methods of application responded to the nick test 60 minutes after application of the ring.

The electrical stimulation required to produce a behavioural response increased very rapidly in stags treated with local anaesthetic and at a slower rate in those treated with the cabletie method but showed no significant increase in control stags. After 4 and 30 minutes, for local anaesthesia and the cable-tie method, respectively, 95% of stags were not responding to 80 mA. A significantly greater proportion of stags with antlers treated with local anaesthetic and the cable-tie method did not respond to the nick test than controls, and there was no significant difference in the frequency of the response between stags with treated antlers.

The minimum current required to produce a response proximal to a rubber ring was slightly higher on average for train-of-four electrical stimulus (mean 18.1 (SD 2.6) mA) than for the tetanic mode (mean 11.9 (SD 2.5) mA). The increase in minimum current required to produce the respective response to stimulation distal to the ring was similar for both methods, although the maximum predicted value (67.4 mA) was lower for train-of-four than for the tetanic mode (84.5 mA). No stag responded to the nick test =60 minutes after application of the ring.

CONCLUSIONS: The cable-tie method was no different from the standard method as a procedure for producing analgesia in the antlers of yearling stags and should be accepted as an appropriate procedure for applying analgesic rings to yearling stags. The analgesia produced in the antlers of yearling stags by rubber rings applied by the cable-tie method to the pedicle was similar to that of a lignocaine ring block, but the time course for the development of analgesia was markedly different. Given that a lignocaine ring block is accepted as an adequate method of pain relief for antler removal, the application of rubber rings followed by a period of =30 minutes after application can be advocated as a viable alternative for pain relief.     

橡胶树遗传育种中的分子标记技术应用研究

本文综述了橡胶树遗传育种中的分子标记应用研究进展,并展望了其在我国橡胶树遗 传育种研究中的应用前景。     

橡胶籽资源的研究开发现状

我国橡胶籽资源广泛且价格低,开发橡胶籽资源对实现资源综合利用以及提高橡胶产业经济效益具有重要意义。本文介绍了橡胶籽的主要组成成分,总结了橡胶籽在饲料、食品、医药和工业应用等方面的研究进展,分析了利用过程中存在的问题,并提出了开发利用建议,以期为橡胶籽资源高效综合利用提供更多的研究思路。     

FSH(M)农用风力提水机的水泵设计与特性分析

与风力提水机配套的水泵是机组的关键部件,一般为高扬程、小流量型的活塞泵和膜片泵。为了进一步提高机组的使用效率,结合近几年应用检验和实验室模拟,分析了两种水泵的结构设计、安装方法和性能优势。针对不同水文水质的水井,合理匹配水泵对提高机组的使用效率和工作寿命、拓展其他应用领域具有借鉴意义。活塞泵在直径120mm以下的塑料管井和铸铁管井中具有优势,但对水质要求较高。囊式膜片泵因采用帘线橡胶代替运动部件而规避了摩擦损伤导致的密封不严故障,提高了容积效率,增强了抗腐蚀能力,扩大了适用范围。通过新能源(风力)提水泵试验中心,可进一步检验活塞泵、膜片泵及其他水泵特性,为利用CFD技术在水泵与流体的瞬态测试、稳态测试和气蚀气缚性能测试等功能实现方面奠定了基础。     

氮磷钾配方施肥提升天然橡胶生胶性能

以8a生长的PR107橡胶树为研究对象,采用正交实验设计,研究氮、磷、钾肥配施对天然橡胶生胶性能及分子量的影响。结果表明:不同种类和水平的施肥处理对干胶含量有显著的影响,不同肥料对干胶含量最优施肥组合为尿素300 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾75 g/株;对生胶塑性初值的最优施肥组合为尿素0 g/株、过磷酸钙375 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株;对门尼黏度的最优施肥组合为尿素0 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株;对生胶塑性保持率的最优施肥组合尿素200g/株、过磷酸钙375g/株、氯化钾50g/株。施肥对橡胶的分子量均有显著影响,对橡胶数均分子量(Mn)的最优施肥组合为尿素0g/株、过磷酸钙125g/株、氯化钾25g/株,对橡胶重均分子量(Mw)、黏均分子量(Mv)的最优组合施肥量为尿素300 g/株、过磷酸钙250 g/株、氯化钾25 g/株。在生产橡胶或胶乳制品时,可根据不同制品的需求选择合适的种植环境及施肥措施的橡胶树胶乳作为原材料,使制品性能达到最优。     

橡胶树叶柄愈伤组织乳管细胞的组织化学和分子生物学研究

橡胶树乳管分化研究主要以树皮为研究材料。本研究通过组织化学染色法、尼罗红荧光染色法、免疫组织化学法和分子生物学方法证实橡胶树叶柄来源的愈伤组织中存在乳管细胞。乳管细胞在叶柄愈伤组织中随机分布,分布模式类似橡胶树初生乳管;叶柄愈伤组织乳管细胞在发育早期时橡胶粒子较少,在发育后期时充满橡胶粒子。RT-PCR扩增出叶柄愈伤组织乳管细胞的橡胶延伸因子(REF)、小橡胶粒子蛋白(SRPP)、橡胶凝集素(hevein)和橡胶转移酶(CPT)等胶乳特异基因的转录本,经比对它们序列与所报道的橡胶树树干胶乳中表达的基因序列一致,表明橡胶树叶柄愈伤组织乳管细胞拥有树皮乳管细胞相似的功能,为叶柄愈伤组织作为一种新型的研究乳管分化的模式提供了科学依据。     

全周期间作模式胶园间作肾茶的产量及药材质量

为评价肾茶在全周期间作模式胶园中的间作发展潜力,以肾茶的露地栽培为对照,对南北行向全周期间作模式胶园间作肾茶的产量及其药材主要质量指标进行了比较分析。结果表明：在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园中间作肾茶,不同观测位置、不同采样时期、不同部位肾茶的产量及其药材质量存在差异,间作各处理肾茶的产量均大幅度低于露地栽培,其中,间作区中产量最高的中间、东侧区地上部产量仅能达到露地栽培约30%的产量水平;虽然部分间作处理的肾茶浸出物、熊果酸含量稍高于露地栽培或与之基本持平,但肾茶地上部的黄酮、迷迭香酸、粗灰分含量均为林下间作差于露地栽培,同时该3个指标均呈现随胶园荫蔽度的增加而变差的趋势。与常规的露地栽培相比,在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园间作条件下,肾茶产量显著下降的同时药材质量变差。因此,肾茶不适宜在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园中间作发展。     

播期对胶园林下种植疣柄魔芋产量和品质的影响

为明确胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋的适宜播期，以疣柄魔芋（Amorphophallus virosus）为供试材料，分别以种植面积较大的常规胶园和光照条件更优的全周期胶园为间作林，研究2016年2月25日（SD1）、3月25日（SD2）、4月25日（SD3）三个播期对疣柄魔芋生育期、叶片性状、块茎产量、块茎可溶性糖、蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响。结果显示：全周期胶园林下疣柄魔芋生育期各播期差异不显著，常规胶园林下疣柄魔芋生育期随播期延后而缩短，SD1与SD3差异达显著水平。全周期胶园林下疣柄魔芋叶片数和叶柄基部直径随播期延后而显著增加，叶柄长度受播期影响不显著；常规林下不同播期疣柄魔芋的叶片数无显著差异，叶柄长度和基部直径随播期延后而降低，SD1和SD3差异达显著水平。全周期胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋的平均产量以SD1播期最高，为22.76 t·hm^-2，但三个播期间差异不显著；常规胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋的产量随播期延后而逐渐增加，以SD3播期的产量最高，为10.90 t·hm^-2，与SD1差异达显著水平。播期对胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和淀粉含量无显著影响。综上可知，全周期胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋在2月25日—4月25日间均适宜播种，适当早播有利于其产量形成；常规成龄胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋以3月25—4月25日之间为宜，适当晚播有利于其产量形成；全周期胶园林下疣柄魔芋产量显著高于常规胶园。研究结果可为橡胶园林下疣柄魔芋的高产高效栽培技术提供理论依据。     

基于GEE的东南亚主产区橡胶林分布遥感提取

为遥感监测全球橡胶主产区橡胶的长势,选取橡胶产量最大的泰国、马来西亚、印度尼西亚三国,开展基于Google Earth Engine（GEE）的橡胶林分布遥感提取研究。通过目视解译选择典型样本区,根据Landsat 7多波段光谱特征、MODIS NDVI反映的植被物候特征建立分类回归树CART分类模型提取橡胶林分布。精度评价显示模型总体分类精度为95.8%,Kappa系数为0.94,生产者精度达到94.8%,用户精度为88.2%,达到较高水平。模型提取结果显示：橡胶林在泰国中部、南部半岛,马来半岛的东部和南部地区,苏门答腊岛分布较为集中,而泰国北部、加里曼丹岛及其他岛屿橡胶林相对稀疏。     

乙烯利与橡胶树排胶及死皮关系

系统介绍乙烯利刺激增产机理和乙烯利对橡胶树排胶负面效应。