浅析糖尿病中成药的开发

根据中医对糖尿病的致病机理的认识，从处方组成、适应症定位、剂型及剂量等方面对我国现有糖尿病中成药进行了分析，指出了防治糖尿病中成药的开发应发挥中药的优势，重点应放在防止慢性并发症方面的研发方向。     

Coarctation of the Left Pulmonary Artery: Effects on the Pulmonary Vasculature of Infants

At autopsy, two infants had unsuspected coarctation of the left pulmonary artery (CoLPA), which was produced by an extension of ductal tissue into the wall of the left pulmonary artery. The first case, a 4-month-old girl, also had a ventricular septal defect and an anomalous branching pattern of the innominate arterial trunk. Pulmonary arterial hypertensive changes were noted in the right lung. In contrast, the left lung showed thin-walled pulmonary arteries. The second case, a term female newborn, had exhibited severe unexplained respiratory distress since birth. Histologic sections of the right lung showed dilated pulmonary arteries with thinned media, whereas the left lung showed a persistent fetal arterial pattern. It is believed that the peripheral pulmonary arterial changes are age-dependent and associated with asymmetric blood flow between the right and left pulmonary arteries. CoLPA is a rare pulmonary artery defect, and early diagnosis of this abnormality is important.     

Comparing sulindac with indomethacin for closure of ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Objectives: A prospective study comparing the efficiacy and side-effects of oral sulindac with intravenous indomethacin in clinically stable preterm infants (<1750 g) requiring non-invasive closure of haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus.
Methodology: As maturity and birthweight are the two major determinants of ductal closure, infants were matched as closely as possible for these parameters. An eligible patient was first assigned to the sulindac group and a subsequent patient with similar gestational age (± 1 week) and birthweight (±100 g) to the previously recruited infant would automatically receive indomethacin. A total of eight infants were enrolled in each group.
Results: The ductus arteriosus was successfully closed in all eight infants receiving indomethacin, and in seven of eight infants receiving sulindac. No significant differences were found with regards to the ductal size between the two groups at diagnosis or on each of the consecutive days of treatment ( P >0.25). More renal adverse effects were encountered in the indomethacin group. Significant differences in changes from baseline value for urine output, plasma sodium, urea and creatinine concentrations were noted at 24, 48 and 72 h after commencement of treatment between the two groups ( P <0.05). All the parameters returned to normal or pre-treatment levels 48 h after stopping therapy. Unexpectedly, severe gastrointestinal complications were encountered in the sulindac group.
Conclusions: Sulindac is capable of promoting ductal constriction in clinically stable preterm infants without compromising the renal function. The spectrum of gastrointestinal complications observed in sulindac treated infants were similar to those described for indomethacin. The use of sulindac for ductal closure in the preterm infant should remain experimental.     

Echocardiographic assessment of patent ductus arteriosus shunt flow pattern in premature infants

AIMS—To identify the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunt flow pattern using Doppler echocardiography; and to assess whether it could be used to predict the development of clinically significant PDA.
METHODS—Premature infants weighing under 1500 g, who required mechanical ventilation, and in whom daily echocardiography could be performed from day 1 until the ductus closed, and on day 7 to confirm closure, were studied. The PDA shunt flow was identified from four Doppler patterns, and the closed pattern of a closed duct was also presented. Clinically significant PDA was diagnosed when there was colour Doppler echocardiographic evidence of left to right ductal shunt associated with at least two of the following clinical signs: heart murmur (systolic or continuous); persistent tachycardia (heart rate>160/min); hyperactive precordial pulsation; bounding pulses; and radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly or pulmonary congestion.
RESULTS—Of 68 infants enrolled into this study, clincally significant PDA developed in 31. The most recordable sequence of transition change of shunt flow pattern for clinically significant PDA was: pulmonary hypertension pattern, to growing pattern, to pulsatile pattern, to closing pattern, to closed pattern. And that for non-clinically significant PDA was: pulmonary hypertension pattern, to closing pattern, to closed pattern. The growing and the pulsatile patterns were mostly documented in infants with clinically significant PDA. The first documented growing pattern to predict clinically significant PDA gave a sensitivity of 64.5% and a specificity of 81.1%; the first documented pulsatile pattern gave a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 100%.
CONCLUSION—Doppler echocardiographic assessment of PDA shunt flow pattern during the first 4 days of life is useful for predicting the development of clinically significant PDA in premature infants. At that stage, the closing or closed Doppler pattern indicates that infants are not at risk of developing clinically significant PDA; the growing or pulsatile Doppler pattern indicates a continuing risk of developing clinically significant PDA.

     

Ultrasonographic study of ductus venosus in healthy neonates

AIM—To assess ultrasonographically the flow pattern and the time of postnatal closure of ductus venosus related to the other fetal shunts.
METHODS—Fifty healthy, term neonates were studied from day 1 up to day 18 using a VingMed CFM 800A ultrasound scanner.
RESULTS—Ductus arteriosus was closed in 94% of the infants before day 3. Ductus venosus, however, was closed in only 12% at the same time, in 76% before day 7, and in all infants before day 18. A closed ductus venosus or ductus arteriosus did not show signs of reopening. Pulsed and colour Doppler flow could be detected across the foramen ovale in all infants during the sequential investigation. At day 1, when the pulmonary vascular resistance was still high, a reversed Doppler flow velocity signal was seen in ductus venosus in 10 infants (20%) and a bidirectional flow in ductus arteriosus in 26 (52%). Closure of the ductus venosus was not significantly correlated with closure of the ductus arteriosus nor related to sex nor weight loss.
CONCLUSIONS—The time of closure of the ductus venosus evaluated by ultrasonography is much later than that of the ductus arteriosus. The flow pattern in ductus venosus reflects the portocaval pressure gradient and the pressure on the right side of the heart and in the pulmonary arteries. Both the flow pattern in the ductus venosus as well as that in the ductus arteriosus may be an indication of compromised neonatal haemodynamics.

     

应用可回收与非回收弹簧圈装置堵塞动脉导管未闭的比较

目的比较应用可回收（ｄｅｔａｃｈａｂｌｅｃｏｉｌ）与非回收弹簧圈（ｎｏｎｄｅｔａｃｈａｂｌｅｃｏｉｌ）堵塞动脉导管未闭（ＰＤＡ）的效果，并探讨影响效果的因素。方法经导管堵塞１８例ＰＤＡ患儿，男４例，女１４例；年龄３～１２岁。ＰＤＡ最狭窄处直径为１．２～３．６ｍｍ（平均２．３ｍｍ）。其中３例ＰＤＡ外科结扎后再通，１例ＰＤＡ伴肺动脉瓣狭窄。结果１８例患儿中７例应用非回收弹簧圈堵塞法，其中５例获成功；１１例应用可回收弹簧圈装置，堵塞均获成功，其中９例应用双圆锥形弹簧圈，另２例采用Ｃｏｏｋ可回收弹簧圈。彩色多普勒显示９例堵塞术２４小时后无分流，２例随访发现极少量分流。结论应用可回收弹簧圈堵塞ＰＤＡ，其效果优于非回收弹簧圈；可适用未经手术及外科结扎后再通的ＰＤＡ患儿。该法简便、有效、安全、并发症少，为堵塞中小型（直径≤３．５ｍｍ）ＰＤＡ值得推荐的方法     

Effect of Dexamethasone Therapy on the Neonatal Ductus Arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is believed to be a contributing factor in the etiopathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We studied the effects of early dexamethasone therapy on persistent ductal patency and the role of PDA in the etiopathogenesis of BPD during the course of a randomized double-blind trial of dexamethasone to prevent BPD. Infants, who weighed between 700 and 999 g, had severe RDS, and had been given surfactant, were randomized to receive a 12-day course of dexamethasone (n= 13) or placebo (n= 17) starting within the first 12 hours of postnatal life. The diagnosis of PDA was made clinically and was confirmed by cardiac ultrasound. The incidence of clinically significant ductus in infants who weighed less than 1000 g was 23% in the dexamethasone-treated group, as compared with 59% in infants who were given placebo. This difference was marginally significant, p= 0.05, odds ratio 0.21, 95% confidence interval 0.04–1.05. None of the infants in the dexamethasone group had recurrence of PDA after indomethacin therapy as compared with three infants in the placebo group. Dexamethasone significantly reduced the number of days infants required ventilator and supplemental oxygen as compared with infants who received placebo. Dexamethasone, as compared with placebo, also reduced the incidence of BPD, p= 0.025, odds ratio 0.08, 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.58. Dexamethasone may reduce the incidence of PDA in premature infants who weigh less than 1000 g at birth and thereby reduce the incidence of BPD.     

我国中药专利创造性的现状分析

通过对国家知识产权局公布的我国1998-2003年授予中药专利相关数据进行整理,比较分析了不同类型中药专利授权的数量,中药复方与有效成分专利数量、中药职务与非职务专利数量的发展差异,结果表明发明专利明显多于中药实用新型、外观设计专利,中药复方专利大大超过中药有效成分专利,与中药职务专利比较中药非职务专利占绝对优势。而在授予中药专利中,中药有效成分专利、中药职务专利的比例,恰恰正是衡量中药是否具有创造性的重要指标。这一差异反映了我国现阶段中药专利创造性较低的现状。在我国中药专利创造性认定讨论的基础上,分析了造成这一现状的原因,并提出我国专利法应尽快确定并完善中药专利创造性标准,加大力度鼓励企业与个人在技术上提高中药的创造性,增强知识产权保护的能力和中药的国际竞争力。     

Intermittent atrial level right-to-left shunt with temporary hypoxemia in a patient during support with a left ventricular assist device

We report a 56-year-old male patient developing hypoxemia after surgical replacement of infected valves of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD, Novacor) which had supported him during the previous 15 months. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed an atrial septal defect with intermittent right-to-left shunt across a patent foramen ovale. We postulate that the shunt detected in this patient occurred as a consequence of reduced pulmonary vascular compliance due to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and an increase of mean intrathoracic pressure. Furthermore, we hypothesize that synchronized LVAD operation exacerbates any potential right-to-left shunt due to the profound left ventricular unloading which occurs during LVAD support. In this first report of a right-to-left shunt from a previously unrecognized patent foramen ovale in a Novacor patient, the subsequent transient hypoxemia could be managed by avoiding PEEP of more than 3 mmHg, and mean airway pressure of more than 11 mmHg and by careful volume replacement in order to prevent the pump from completely emptying the left ventricle (LV) and the left atrium (LA). Thus, prior to every LVAD implantation a transesophageal contrast echocardiography with Valsalva maneuver should be performed to identify intracardiac right-to-left shunt.     

高位硬膜外麻醉和全麻对婴幼儿动脉导管未闭手术控制性降压的影响

目的观察高位硬膜外麻醉和全麻异氟烷吸入在婴幼儿动脉导管未闭(PDA)手术降压中的临床应用。方法将40例患儿分为2组:高位硬膜外麻醉组(20例)和全麻异氟烷吸入组(20例),观察比较2组的降压效果。结果2组降压效果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),高位硬膜外麻醉组在手术结束时心血管指标恢复平稳,与全麻异氟烷吸入组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而且拔管时间明显缩短。结论2种降压方法均可行控制性降压,高位硬膜外麻醉使婴幼儿心血管反应更加稳定,对循环系统的扰乱程度轻,保护了婴幼儿的应激反应。