发达国家推动技术标准有效实施的机制探讨

文章从理论与实践的结合上研究、探讨了发达市场经济国家推动技术标准实施的机理和机制,为推动我国技术标准的有效实施提供了借鉴。     

Capturing the pharmaceutical value of biodiversity in a developing country

The conservation of biodiversity is increasingly being defined as a process made up of three components—saving, studying and sustainably using biodiversity. If the conservation of process is expanded to incorporate the need for both the protection of biodiversity—either in situ or ex situ—and the generation of valuable information about biodiversity, an important issue is the correct balance of investment in these two types of activities. This paper explores this issue by focusing on efforts in a developing country to capture the pharmaceutical potential of biodiversity and species information. A model of biodiversity investment choice is developed, and an analysis of royalty returns to effort in biodiversity protection, taxonomic information and the collection of biotic samples is conducted based on data from Costa Rica. The results suggest that although a country can be adequately compensated for its investment in the generation of taxonomic information, it is unlikely that pharmaceutical prospecting alone will cover the high opportunity costs of biodiversity protection.     

宪法税条款及其在我国的完善

租税国家下,宪法税条款的规定有利于税目的的实现和正当性的维持,有利于税权的合理配置,有利于推动国家的宪政进程.通过对诸国宪法的考察,可以得出人类宪政和税制文明的共同经验之一就是在宪法中明确规定关于税的条款.具体包括:税立法的民主性条款、禁止性税条款、税收公平原则、税收法定主义、征税目的和税权划分等条款.针对我国宪法税条款的缺失.可以从如下几个方面对其加以完善:明确税的立法权属于人民的代议机关--人大;设立禁止性的税条款;增加税权划分条款;肯认税收司法权;明确纳税人权利.     

Cross‐Country Spillovers from Fiscal Consolidations

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, many OECD countries adopted fiscal consolidation strategies to reduce their debt‐to‐GDP ratios. This paper investigates the effects of fiscal consolidation on trading partners’ growth through trade linkages. Using a measure of exogenous fiscal shocks in export markets, fiscal consolidation spillovers are found to slow down domestic growth and decrease employment. To the extent that fiscal consolidations are synchronised, fiscal policies have large spillover effects on output. Spillovers of fiscal consolidations on growth are found to be initially larger between countries belonging to currency unions, though this larger impact vanishes over the medium term. Larger spillovers of fiscal consolidation coincide with lower bilateral exports, higher bilateral imports and relative increases in unit labour costs in currency unions. Spillovers of fiscal consolidation are also found to be more detrimental to domestic growth during economic downturns in export markets.     

International Competitiveness of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Peru,a Latin-American Emerging Market

Our research studies the international competitiveness of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in an emerging Latin-American country. Using a sample of 100 SMEs in Peru, we find that firms compete abroad with standardized products, which are conditioned by the host-country markets, human capital, and industry cooperation. However, the results show that the age and size of the firm are not determining factors in competing overseas. Our findings open a new agenda for policymakers when interpreting how they should promote and support Latin-American SMEs.     

An Investigation of Ghana's Tourism Positioning

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding of Ghana's tourism positioning and whether a literature-derived positioning framework can further elaborate the latter. Using the face-to-face long interviews among key policy makers, marketing managers and experts, and observation techniques, data were collected and analyzed via the inductive reasoning approach. The results show that Ghana's tourism positioning aim is built around perceptions of a “com petitive middle class tourist destination,” i.e., “profit and status” through the pursuit of “functional” positioning objective. Positioning strategies including “service”, “value for money”, “culture”, “selectivity”, “attractiveness”, “reliability”, “manpower development”, “quality controls” and “ecology” are pursued in order to achieve the aim and objectives. The latter are managed/positioned in the “primal” positioning life cycle stage. Conclusions, managerial implications, future research directions and limitations are noted.     

Real exchange rates in emerging economies

We analyse the role of various investment margins in explaining the real exchange rate appreciation recorded in European transition countries. We present a model that introduces a quality investment margin and show that the margin is needed for replicating the observed pace of real exchange rate appreciation.     

Country Effects on CRM Success

Abstract

Customer relationship management (CRM) adoption is growing at a dramatic pace in firms and is significantly impacting customer and business market behaviors. As a result, most firms have started developing and implementing CRM strategies. However, country effects on CRM strategy outcomes in international environments have not been discussed and are the focus of this paper. In this paper, we examine the impacts of marketing infrastructure and marketing institutions on the development of CRM strategies and success in the implementation of such strategies. Our framework has utility in understanding the impacts of country-specific factors in the outcomes of CRM Strategy.     

发达国家反补贴规则的比较研究

近年来,随着我国对外贸易量的持续快速增长,我国面临的贸易摩擦也不断增多,反补贴则成为以发达国家为主的贸易伙伴遏制我国的又一手段。对发达国家的反补贴实体规则和程序规则进行研究和比较,一方面有助于健全与完善我国的补贴与反补贴规则,另一方面也有利于我国掌握这些国家的反补贴规则,以应对其发起的反补贴调查。面对这种形势,我们必须摒弃以往的补贴惯例,学习按国际规则办事,研究发达国家的反补贴法,借鉴其经验,为我所用。