纤维素酶及其研究进展

纤维素酶可以有效降解纤维素,将纤维素水解转化为二糖或单糖,为能源、食物和化工等产业提供可用的原料,在工业中具有广泛的应用价值.文章就纤维素酶的特点及纤维素酶在食品、发酵、饲料和纺织等工业方面的应用进行了阐述.     

Microbial protein formation of different carbohydrates in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial protein yield of different pure carbohydrates to contribute to a more precise prediction of the microbial protein formed in the rumen. In a first experiment, sucrose, wheat starch, microcrystalline cellulose and citrus pectin were incubated for 8 and 24 hr in the modified Hohenheim gas test (HGT) system (3 runs × 2 syringes) including gas production, ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration measurements. Ammonia values were used for estimation of the microbial protein formation. In a second experiment, the same substrates were incubated for 96 hr in the HGT system (2 runs × 3 syringes) and gas production was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr of incubation to obtain the fermentation kinetics and the time of half‐maximal gas production (t_1/2) of the substrates. The substrates differed considerably in their fermentation kinetics, and therefore, comparison on the basis of t_1/2 was chosen as the most meaningful. At t_1/2, microbial protein yield [g/kg dry matter] was higher for cellulose than for sucrose and pectin and higher for starch than for sucrose. The microbial protein expressed in g/L gas production was higher for starch and cellulose than for sucrose and pectin at t_1/2. Effects of carbohydrates related to ruminal pH may remain undetected in in vitro trials.     

纤维素、滤纸纤维分别与淀粉混合瘤胃体外发酵的比较

以3只瘘管羊作为瘤胃液供体,用体外法研究可溶性淀粉和纤维素与滤纸纤维不同NSC/SC水平组合的体外发酵规律.底物使用可溶性淀粉与纯纤维素、可溶性淀粉与滤纸纤维,NSC/SC比例为:100:0、70:30、50:50、30:70、0:100.结果表明:不同的NSC/SC水平组合比较,以70:30组发酵状态最佳;滤纸纤维较纤维素总体发酵水平为低.     

天然纤维素基降解塑料地膜的现状与发展趋势

普通塑料地膜给我国农业生产带来了一系列社会和环保问题。为防止"白色革命"演变成为"白色灾害",提出了采用价廉、质广和量多的废弃天然纤维素资源为原料,大力开发一种环境友好型、使用性能优良、成本低廉和透光性能优异的纤维素基,可完全降解地膜,是今后我国地膜覆盖栽培技术可持续发展的关键所在。为此,进一步阐述了天然纤维素基可降解塑料地膜的现实意义和国内外发展现状及存在的主要问题;并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

羟丙甲纤维素对土壤水分入渗特性及水稳性团聚体的影响

通过向土壤中施加不同含量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(简称HPMC),研究了HPMC对土壤水分入渗特性及土壤水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤中施加一定量的HPMC可以显著降低土壤入渗能力,在施加量为0～1.0g/kg范围内,累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和入渗率均随施加HPMC含量的增加而显著减小;利用Philip方程和Kostiakov公式对实测数据进行拟合发现,两者均能较好模拟施加HPMC后土壤的入渗过程,随HPMC施加量的增加,吸渗率S、稳渗率A和经验系数K明显减小,经验指数β逐渐增大。(2)随HPMC含量的增加,0.25mm的水稳性团聚体百分比明显增大,供试土壤的分形维数逐渐减小,其平均重量直径与水稳性团聚体含量间呈显著正相关关系,表明施加HPMC之后,土壤结构更趋于稳定,土壤抗破坏和抗侵蚀能力增强。HPMC加入土壤后具有明显的减渗效果,一定程度上可以增加水稳性团聚体含量,改良土壤结构,并提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

木聚糖对生物质组分水热碳化特性的影响研究

为了研究木聚糖的水热碳化特性,在间歇式反应釜中,进行反应温度为160~240℃、停留时间为120 min条件下的水热碳化实验研究,同时在220℃、120 min的反应条件下,考察了木聚糖对纤维素和木质素水热碳化过程的影响。研究发现,200℃时,木聚糖水热焦开始出现,随反应温度的升高,木聚糖水热焦产率逐渐增加,至240℃时,产率达13%;以小麦秸秆中半纤维素与纤维素和木质素混合水热碳化,木聚糖对纤维素水热焦产率影响不大,而碳质量分数从纯纤维素水热焦的42%增加至纤维素和木聚糖混合物水热焦的48%,与纯木质素水热焦相比,木聚糖和木质素混合物水热焦产率减少了23个百分点,碳质量分数变化不大;木聚糖水热焦中特征官能团随温度升高而减少,而CC、CO和芳香特征峰红外吸收逐渐增强,同时热重分析表明木聚糖水热焦热稳定性较好。傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射分析及热重分析表明,在水热碳化过程中,木聚糖可以促进纤维素和木质素分子结构的断裂、聚合和芳香化反应,提高水热焦的芳香特性。     

Importance of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes Produced by Fusarium graminearum during Infection of Wheat Heads

Cytological studies were carried out to elucidate the importance of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) during infection of wheat spikes by Fusarium graminearum. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that at 6–24 hours after inoculation (hai) of single spikelets with macroconidia of F. graminearum, the fungus germinated by forming several germ tubes and developed a dense hyphal network in the cavity of the spikelet. At 24–36hai, the fungus formed infection hyphae which invaded the ovary and inner surface of the lemma and palea. Transmission electron microscopical studies revealed that the fungus extended inter- and intracellularly in the ovary, lemma and rachis and caused considerable damage and alterations to the host cell walls. In different tissues of healthy and F. graminearum-infected wheat spikes the cell wall components cellulose, xylan and pectin were localized by means of enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labelling techniques. Localization of cellulose, xylan and pectin showed that host cell walls which were in direct contact with the pathogen surface had reduced gold labelling compared to considerable higher labelling densities of walls distant from the pathogen–host interface or in non-colonized tissues. The reduced gold labelling densities in the infected host cell walls indicate that these polysaccharide degrading enzymes might be important pathogenicity factors of F. graminearum during infection of wheat spikes. The results revealed that, infection and colonization of wheat spikes by F. graminearum and reactions of infected host tissue were similar to those reported for F. culmorum.     

羟丙基甲基纤维素高吸水性树脂制备与性能表征

以羟丙基甲基纤维素为骨架材料,丙烯酸为接枝共聚单体,过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,聚乙二醇200二丙烯酸酯为交联剂,在微波辐射的条件下通过接枝聚合反应制备高吸水性树脂,并对高吸水性树脂的吸液倍率、吸液速率、保水性能以及红外光谱、热稳定性、表观形态进行表征。结果表明,羟丙基甲基纤维素与丙烯酸质量比为1/7、中和度为65%、引发剂与丙烯酸质量分数为1%、交联剂与丙烯酸质量分数为0. 4%、反应时间为4. 5 min是较优的制备方法,该条件下制备的羟丙基甲基纤维素高吸水性树脂吸水倍率可达497. 13 g/g,吸盐倍率为61. 70 g/g;35℃条件下,该高吸水性树脂可保水48 h以上;重复使用6次后,该高吸水性树脂仍具有较高的吸液倍率。     

一个高温厌氧直接转化纤维素为乙醇的高纯富集物

运用亨盖特厌氧技术,从牛粪中获得了高温厌氧直接转化纤维素为乙醇的高纯度富集物。该富集物中在数量上占绝对优势的是一大小为0.54 μm×4.86～9.72 μm的梭状芽孢杆菌（Clostridium sp.）,G+,芽孢圆形,直径为0.86～1.19 μm,端生。产乙醇最适温度为55～60　℃,最适pH7.5。该富集物能直接转化稻草和麦秆产乙醇,以稻草、麦秆为唯一碳源时最高乙醇浓度分别为0.257 g/L和0.129 g/L。