基于螺旋CT构建人体骨盆三维有限元模型

目的 利用作者所在研究所自行开发的两种图像处理软件GETCT和MedGraphics，构建骨盆三维有限元模型。方法 CT图像处理、截面轮廓线信息处理、数字有限元分析。结果 准确快速的建立了人体骨盆的三维有限元模型。结论 利用上述两种软件以及一些现有的软件可以准确，快速地构建人体骨盆的三维有限元模型，并进行计算。有限元分析结果表明该方法可用于构建骨盆有限元模型。     

Vesicouterine fistula: MRI diagnosis

A case of vesicouterine fistula in a young woman following caesarean section is presented. The diagnosis was established successfully using heavily T2-weighted MRI which clearly demonstrated fluid within the fistula, obviating the need for conventional radiographic contrast examination. Received: 21 October 1998; Revised: 27 January 1999; Accepted: 1 March 1999     

The value of ‘binder-off’ imaging to identify occult and unexpected pelvic ring injuries

AimsTo determine the effectiveness of ‘binder-off’ plain pelvic radiographs in the assessment of pelvic ring injuries.Patients and methodsAll patients requiring operative intervention at our tertiary referral pelvic unit/major trauma centre for high-energy pelvic injuries between April 2012 and December 2014 were retrospectively identified. Pre-operative pelvic imaging with and without pelvic binder was reviewed with respect to fracture pattern and pelvic stability. The frequency with which the imaging without pelvic binder changed the opinion of the pelvic stability and need for operative intervention, when compared with the computed tomography (CT) scans and anteroposterior (AP) radiographs with the binder on, was assessed.ResultsSeventy-three percent (71 of 97) of patients had initial imaging with a pelvic binder in situ. Of these, 76% (54 of 71) went on to have ‘binder-off’ imaging. Seven percent (4 of 54) of patients had unexpected unstable pelvic ring injuries identified on ‘binder-off’ imaging that were not identified on CT imaging in binder.ConclusionsTrauma CT imaging of the pelvis with a pelvic binder in place is inadequate at excluding unstable pelvic ring injuries, and, based on the original findings in this paper, we recommend additional plain film ‘binder-off’ radiographs, when there is any clinical concern.     

Accuracy of computer-assisted iliosacral screw placement using a hybrid operating room

IntroductionIn recent years hybrid operating rooms were established all over the world. In our setting we combined a 3D flat-panel c-arm (Artis zeego, Siemens) with a navigation system (BrainLab curve, BrainLab). This worldwide unique combination enables the surgeon to visualise an entire pelvis in CT-like image quality with a single 3D-scan. The aim of our study was to investigate, if utilisation of a hybrid operating room increases the accuracy of SI-screws in comparison to standard 3D-navigation.Material and methodsRetrospective, not randomised single centre case series at a level I trauma centre. Inclusion criterion was insertion of a percutaneous iliosacral screw using image-guidance in the hybrid operating room. 61 patients (35 female, 26 male) were included from June 2012 till October 2014. 65 iliosacral screws were inserted. Intraoperative 3D-scans and postoperative scans were examined to investigate screw placement. The results were compared to a preceding study performed in 2012 using conventional 3D-navigation. Statistical calculations were performed with Microsoft Excel 2011 and SPSS.Results65 iliosacral screws were implanted. Two different types of screws were implanted: 1. “Standard” iliosacral screws stabilizing one joint/a unilateral fracture. 2. Single SI-screws stabilizing both SI-joints and if present a bilateral fracture. Forty one patients were included in group 1 (screws n = 45). There was no perforation in 43 screws, grade 1 perforation in 2 screws. There was no grade 2 or 3 perforation in this group. Compared to the conventional 3D-navigated screws there was a highly significant difference (p < 0.001). Twenty patients could be included in group 2. Eleven screws showed a complete intraosseous position. There was grade 1 perforation in 2 screws, grade 2 perforation in 5 screws and grade 3 perforation in 2 screws.ConclusionImprovements in image quality and enlargement of the display window lead to better intraoperative visualisation of the entire dorsal pelvis. Thereby the accuracy of computer-assisted iliosacral screws could be increased using a hybrid operating room. Furthermore difficult tasks like a single screw for both joints can be accomplished.     

髋臼横韧带定位髋臼假体前倾校正骨盆旋转

目的通过观察后外侧入路全髋关节置换术中骨盆的旋转变化，探讨术中骨盆旋转对髋臼假体前倾角植入的影响，评估使用髋臼横韧带作髋臼假体前倾定位的准确性以及对骨盆旋转角度变化的校正作用。 方法2015年1月至2016年1月河池市第三人民医院关节外科收治的行初次THA的40例44髋的髋关节疾病患者纳入本研究。纳入标准为：初次THA术的患者，术前、术后CT扫描质量符合标准、能确定髋臼解剖前倾角、髋臼假体前倾角的患者。排除标准：髋臼发育不良、强直性脊柱炎、既往有髋关节严重创伤手术史以及翻修术等，术前、术后双髋关节CT扫描，CT横断面上骨盆明显倾斜、两侧髋关节的中心显示明显不在同一层面、难以确定水平线测量前倾角的患者，予以排除。手术均采用侧卧位后外侧入路，切皮前将1枚施氏针以垂直于地面方向打入髂骨嵴，术中髋臼假体的前倾角，以髋臼横韧带为参照标志，通过直接参照或间接参照髋臼横韧带进行髋臼挫磨及安装臼杯，使髋臼假体开口平行韧带进行安放，在此过程中用摄像机记录施氏针相对于地面的角度变化，确定手术过程中骨盆旋转度数，同时测量并记录挫磨髋臼及安放假体时，相对于身体长轴髋臼手术前倾角的数值。术后通过CT测量髋臼假体前倾角，对术中手术前倾角和术后髋臼假体的前倾角、术前髋臼解剖前倾角数据进行t检验分析。 结果术中骨盆旋转发生在本研究中的平均度数为(18±4)°。44个髋关节中，所有的病例都能对髋臼横韧带进行辨认，术中手术前倾角平均为(33±5)°，有93%(41髋)的病例大于Lewinnek提出的"安全区"的前倾角上限25°，余下的7%(3个髋)也全部大于24°。术后CT测量髋臼假体的解剖前倾角为(21±10)°，与术前髋臼解剖前倾角度(19±7)°比较，差异无统计学意义(t＝1.264，P >0.05)。 结论在后外侧入路THA术中，体位改变骨盆前旋转会影响髋臼假体植入的准确性，使用髋臼横韧带作为解剖标志指导髋臼假体前倾角度的植入，可以排除患者体位改变骨盆旋转对前倾角的影响，提高髋臼假体放置的准确性。     

Clinical implications of additional posterior fractures in combined anterior-posterior pelvic ring fractures in elderly patients

ObjectivesHistorically, pelvic ring fractures (PRF) are considered to occur predominantly in the anterior ring and therfore to be mechanically stable. Combined anterior and posterior (A + P) PRF are expected to be less mechanically stable and therefore to be associated with higher levels of pain and reduced mobility compared to isolated anterior fractures. The current study investigates the clinical relevance of combined A + P PRF in elderly patients.MethodsA prospective multicentre cohort study was conducted in patients >70 years of age with anterior PRF after low-energy trauma diagnosed on conventional radiographs. All patients underwent an additional CT-scan. Patients were divided into two groups; isolated anterior or combined A + P fractures. Patients were treated conservatively with adequate analgesia for at least one week. If patients could not be mobilised after conservative treatment, surgical fixation was performed. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores, dependence on walking aids and Activities of Daily Living scores (ADL) were measured at 2–4 weeks, and 3, 6 and 12 months after fracture.Results102 patients (age 81.1 ± 7.6 years) were included. Isolated anterior fractures were diagnosed in 25 (24.5%) and A + P fractures in 77 (75.5%) patients. Baseline characteristics did not differ between the two groups. Most patients were successfully treated conservatively and 5 (4.9%) underwent percutaneous trans-iliac, trans-sacral screw fixation after failure of conservative treatment. At 2–4 weeks post trauma, patients with A + P fractures had similar median pain scores (3 (range 0–8) vs. 5 (0–10), p = 0.19) and ADL scores (85 (25–100) vs. 78.6 (5–100), p = 0.67), but were more dependent on walking aids (92.8% vs. 72.2%; p = 0.02) compared to patients with isolated anterior fractures. There were no significant differences at 3 months. At one year follow-up the median NRS pain and ADL scores for both fracture groups were 0 and 100, respectively. Mortality was 10.8%, and additional loss to follow-up was 17.6%.ConclusionsThe vast majority of elderly patients with PRF have combined A + P fractures. The clinical implications of additional posterior pelvic ring fractures in elderly patients appears to be limited.     

屈髋屈膝按压法作用于骨盆的三维有限元分析

目的 应用有限元法研究仰卧位屈膝屈髋按压法对骨盆应力及骶髂关节应变分布特点的影响,讨论该手法扳动整个骶髂关节的可能性。方法 利用CT图像建立正常骨盆三维有限元模型。根据手法原理,将屈膝屈髋按压法分解为两个方向的力,将这两个力加载于三维有限元模型并进行计算分析,得到该加载下骨盆应力和骶髂关节应变的分布情况。结果 加载模拟手法后,骨盆的主要应力位于骶髂关节前下1/3处、坐骨大切迹及臀下线和臀前线的中1/3;骶髂关节的最大应变主要位于骶髂关节的后上缘、后下缘及上缘中部1/2。结论 屈膝屈髋按压法只能扳动骶髂关节的下1/3处,而不能扳动整个骶髂关节。     

三维重建及3D打印技术在骨盆三维特征测量准确性研究

目的　研究分析尸体骨盆与其三维重建数字化模型及3D打印实体模型的三维特征测量结果差异。 方法　选择1具中年男性骨盆标本,根据骨盆的生理学结构特点在骨盆标本表面选取并固定共计14个特征点,并使用三坐标仪测量并记录特征点的三维坐标;使用CT设备对固定了特征点的骨盆标本进行1.0 mm的断层扫描;使用三维医学图像软件（Delta Medical Studio,DMS）对获取的扫描图像进行三维重建,并记录特征点的三维坐标;使用3D打印设备（熔融沉积成型,FDM）及光固化成型（Stereo Lithography Appearance,SLA）打印三维重建模型,三坐标仪测量记录特征点的三维坐标;通过记录的三维坐标分别计算尸体标本、数字模型、3D打印实体模型的特征点之间的距离及夹角;从最大误差、平均误差、t值验证等角度分析三组数据的误差情况。 结果　三维重建数字化骨盆模型的特征测量距离的平均误差约为0.5 mm,角度平均误差约为0.35 o;3D打印模型相对于骨盆标本的距离测量的平均误差约为0.8~1.1 mm,角度平均误差约为0.4°~0.5°。 结论 三维重建模型和3D打印实体模型对于骨盆术前的参考及测量精度方面具备可靠性,可根据实际需求选择3D打印模型作为骨盆术前规划的参考。     

改良Stoppa入路手术治疗双侧耻骨支骨折

目的:探讨改良Stoppa入路手术治疗骨盆双侧耻骨支骨折的临床疗效。方法:自2010年1月至2014年1月,采用改良Stoppa入路手术治疗双侧耻骨支骨折患者16例,其中男11例,女5例;年龄17～59岁,平均40.5岁。按Tile骨折分类法:A型8例,B型6例,C型2例。16例中单独使用改良Stoppa入路11例,联合髂窝入路4例,联合后路1例。观察患者的手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量及术后并发症情况,并采用Matta影像学骨折复位评价标准和Majeed功能评分系统对骨折复位及术后功能进行评价。结果:改良Stoppa手术入路切口长度为8～10 cm,平均9 cm;手术时间75～135 min,平均95 min;术中出血量400～900 ml,平均600 ml.16例术后均获随访,时间7～18个月,平均12.5个月。所有患者获骨性愈合,愈合时间2.7～5个月,平均3.1个月。术后无伤口化脓感染、异位骨化,无螺钉松动、钢板断裂,无腹壁疝发生。根据Matta影像学骨折复位标准,耻骨支骨折复位优9例,良6例,可1例。术后6个月Majeed功能评分,总分85.32±8.50,其中优8例,良6例,一般2例。结论:改良Stoppa手术入路具有切口方便直接、手术视野清晰、易于复位、并发症少和恢复快等特点,是治疗双侧耻骨支骨折一个理想的手术入路。     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点

目的 :观察退变性腰椎侧凸(DLS)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,探讨脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化对DLS发生的影响。方法:回顾性分析103例DLS患者术前资料,男36例,女67例,年龄62.6±7.4(43~78)岁,并选取139例正常青年人群作为正常青年对照组,145例单纯颈椎病患者作为成年对照组,在脊柱全长正侧位X线片上测量各组冠状位、矢状位参数,包括L3倾斜角、侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(CVA)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)等,采用独立样本t检验比较DLS组与两对照组的各矢状位参数,并用Pearson相关分析DLS组各参数间相关性。结果:DLS组PI为50.4°±10.2°,显著高于正常青年对照组(45.1°±9.6°,P0.01)和成年对照组(46.9°±9.1°,P0.01)。与青年及成年对照组相比,DLS组LL、SS较小(P0.01),PT、SVA较大(P0.01);TK小于成年对照组(P0.01)。DLS组中合并退变性腰椎滑脱者37例(占35.9%),PI为53.1°±8.8°;无退变性腰椎滑脱者66例,PI为48.9°±10.6°,二者相比有统计学差异且均显著高于正常青年对照组(P0.05)。DLS组侧凸Cobb角与PT显著相关(P0.05),余冠状位参数与矢状位参数间未发现相关性;LL、PI、SS、PT两两之间显著相关(P0.01),LL、PT与TK显著相关(P0.01),SS与TK显著相关(P0.05),LL与SVA显著相关(P0.01)。结论 :DLS患者PI高于正常青年及颈椎病患者,高PI可能参与了DLS的发病机制;DLS患者退变、侧凸的腰椎仍存在调节矢状位平衡的能力。