Prevalence, morbidity and service need among South Asian and white adults with intellectual disability in Leicestershire, UK

Background Previous reports have suggested that South Asian and white UK populations have different prevalences of intellectual disability (ID), related psychological morbidity and service use. The aim of the present study was to compare these rates among South Asian and white adults in Leicestershire, UK. Method This cross‐sectional study is comprised of two parts. The analysis of prevalence is based on data from all South Asian and white adults known to the Leicestershire Learning Disabilities Register in 1991, with population denominators being drawn from the 1991 census. The other analyses use data collected from the most recent semi‐structured home interviews, carried out between 1987 and 1998, with 206 South Asian and 2334 white adults. Results The prevalence of ID in adults in Leicestershire is 3.20 per 1000 in South Asians and 3.62 per 1000 in whites. Among adults with ID, South Asians have similar prevalences of disabilities to whites and significantly lower skill levels. South Asians show similar levels of psychological morbidity, but make significantly lower use than whites of psychiatric services, residential care and respite care. South Asians use community services as extensively as whites, but feel that they have a substantially greater unmet need, especially with regard to social services. Conclusion South Asian and white populations have similar prevalences of ID and related psychological morbidity. Culturally appropriate services for South Asian adults may need to focus on skill development and community care.     

小学生吸烟行为健康教育干预实验

本文报告了自１９９１年以来在四川省什邡县所进行的小学生吸烟行为健康教育干预实验。结果显示，实验达到了预期目的。根据基线调查资料对对象儿童吸烟行为影响因素所作的分析以及在此基础上所采取的干预策略是正确的，干预方法是有效的。从而证明了在一个成人吸烟占主流的社会环境中通过健康教育劝阻儿童吸烟尽管是很困难的，但却是完全有成功把握的。     

山东省实现无脊髓灰质炎目标的卫生经济学评价(2)--成本-效益分析

为评价实现无脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )目标的卫生经济学效益 ,对山东省 195 6～ 2 0 0 0年的资料进行分析。结果显示 ,如不考虑无形效益和因口服脊灰疫苗 (OPV)免疫造成的疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰 (VAPP)的影响 ,按脊灰发病和控制的不同时期进行分析 ,推广使用疫苗时期 ( 196 5～ 1978年 )和无特异免疫预防时期 ( 195 6～ 196 4年 )相比 ,计划免疫时期 ( 1979～ 1990年 )和推广使用疫苗时期相比 ,消灭脊灰活动时期 ( 1991～ 2 0 0 0年 )和计划免疫时期相比 ,净效益 (以人民币元计算 ,下同 )分别为 3 6 4亿元、33 6 2亿元、80 83亿元 ,其成本 效益比分别为 1∶7 74、1∶47 6 9、1∶2 5 5 7。在 36年 ( 196 5～ 2 0 0 0年 )消灭脊灰进程中 ,共获得净效益 118 0 9亿元 ,其成本 效益比为 1∶2 6 90。消灭脊灰活动的效益是长久的 ,在全球消灭脊灰之后 ,随着成本投入的停止 ,其效益仍将持续增长。     

区域性卫生规划及卫生资源配置标准的比较分析

目的：比较分析各地区域性卫生规划和卫生资源配置标准，为制定下阶段的区域卫生规划和资源配置标准提供科学依据。方法：采用文献定性和定量的分析方法，比较不同地区区域性卫生规划文献发表的数量、文献的主题和卫生资源配置标准等。结果：东部地区所发表的论文数量多于西部地区，但各地区发表文献的主题无显著差异；每千人口床位数、每千人口执业医师数、每千人口的执业护士数、每百万人口的CT和MRI数东部地区均高于西部地区；四川省各项指标低于西部地区。结论：区域性卫生规划和卫生资源的配置是改善和提高区域内的卫生综合服务能力以及卫生资源利用效率的重要措施，各地区的资源配置应与社会经济的发展相一致，要充分体现公平和效率、合理和实用的原则。     

Milk consumption and prevalence of coronary heart disease in men and women from the Scottish Heart Health Study

This report uses cross-sectional results from the Scottish Heart Health Study to investigate whether milk consumption has an independent effect on the prevalence of coronary heart disease. Milk consumption was assessed by questionnaire in men and women aged 40–59 years (n = 10359) who participated in a survey of risk factors for coronary heart disease between 1984 and 1986. Odds ratios for coronary heart disease were calculated according to volume and type of milk consumed for subjects with and without symptoms of coronary heart disease. Statistical adjustment was made for the classicial risk factors.
A higher percentage of men and women with diagnosed coronary heart disease (CHD) usually consume low-fat milk, compared with asymptomatic controls. Odds ratios for having undiagnosed heart disease did not differ significantly with volume or type of milk. However, the odds ratios for having diagnosed heart disease were lower in the moderate (0.5–1 pint/d) milk consumption group. Patterns of milk consumption in patients diagnosed as having CHD are likely to be confounded by dietary changes post-diagnosis. Milk consumption appears to have little independent effect on the prevalence of coronary heart disease in this Scottish population.     

师范大学学生艾滋病知识现况调查及健康教育近期效果评价

目的 了解师范大学学生艾滋病相关知识及行为现状，为高校制定艾滋病健康教育规划提供参考。方法 抽取天津师范大学2000年入学新生，通过集体讲座，使用统一的调查问卷在教育前后分别调查学生艾滋病相关知识及态度，并利用EPIinf0软件进行分析。结果 天津师范大学一年级学生健康教育后对艾滋病性质、主要传播途径等的正确回答率都有所提高，能够正确对待艾滋病病毒感染者，教育前后学生对性行为的态度无明显改变。学生希望获得艾滋病知识的前4位方式均为电视、报刊书籍、卫生课和医生。结论 从国情和现实需要出发，在大学生中开展适时、适度、适量的性健康教育和健康行为教育，对预防性病艾滋病有着积极的意义。     

Smoking in Pregnancy and Parenthood: What is the Role of Depression, Anxiety and Nicotine Addiction?

This paper presents some of the findings from the Smoking in Pregnancy study of attitudes towards smoking among pregnant women, mothers of young children and their partners in East Surrey. As part of the study, respondents completed a General Health Questionnaire to identify mental health difficulties and, if they were smoking at the time of the study, they also completed the Fagerstrom nicotine addiction test. Eleven female respondents had high scores on the General Health Questionnaire, suggesting symptoms of depression, anxiety and/or social dysfunction for these women. There was no evidence that smokers were suffering from greater mental health difficulties than ex-smokers or non-smokers. However, the General Health Questionnaire scores of smokers were positively associated with their level of nicotine dependence. Furthermore, when General Health Questionnaire scores of all respondents were compared with self-reported health status there was a marked discrepancy suggesting under-reporting of symptoms by women.     

社区居民健康相关行为讨论与分析

目的了解当前社区居民中健康认知和主要健康相关行为，为深入开展健康教育提供科学依据。方法对黄浦区8个街道117个居委2546名居民分别召开座谈会，讨论并分析健康认知与健康相关行为。结果在2546名居民中对健康有正确认识的948人，占37．2％．自我评价身体状态为健康的531人，占20．9％，个人不健康行为位于前三位的是吸烟、不合理膳食和缺乏运动。团体不健康行为位于前三位的是出售不健康食品、食品污染和公共场所脏乱。结论健康相关行为受多因素及其多水平的影响，必须运用健康教育行为改变理念，采纳健康相关行为的生态学的观点，结合相关学科的方法，开展健康教育，促进人们的健康行为。