基于虚拟仪器技术的高频电刀波峰因子检测与验证

提出了一种有效易行的高频电刀波峰因子检测系统的软、硬件设计方案。利用电磁感应原理接收电刀输出波形,由普通的数字示波器完成数据采集与数字化,基于虚拟仪器技术的PC端软件根据数据计算波峰因子。通过对高频电刀波峰因子的检测,最终验证波峰因子对电刀性能以及临床使用效果的重要性。     

Genetic screen for mutations affecting development and function of the enteric nervous system.

An intact enteric nervous system is required for normal gastrointestinal tract function. Several human conditions result from decreased innervation by enteric neurons; however, the genetic basis of enteric nervous system development and function is incompletely understood. In an effort to increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying enteric nervous system development, we screened mutagenized zebrafish for changes in the number or distribution of enteric neurons. We also established a motility assay and rescreened mutants to learn whether enteric neuron number is correlated with gastrointestinal motility in zebrafish. We describe mutations isolated in our screen that affect enteric neurons specifically, as well as mutations that affect other neural crest derivatives or have pleiotropic effects. We show a correlation between the severity of enteric neuron loss and gastrointestinal motility defects. This screen provides biological tools that serve as the basis for future mechanistic studies.     

Migration and distribution of circumpharyngeal crest cells in the chick embryo

The cardiac neural crest is located in a transitional area on the neuraxis between trunk and cephalic regions and gives rise to both the dorsolateral and ventrolateral crest cell populations. Around stage 18 of chick development, a mass of E/C8⁺ cells surrounds the postotic pharyngeal arches and forms a crescent-shaped arch, termed the circumpharyngeal ridge. Using immunohistochemistry and quail-chick chimeras, it was determined that the E/C8⁺ cell mass located in the circumpharyngeal ridge derives from the dorsolateral component of the cardiac neural crest. The ventrolateral cell population of the cardiac crest is located more medially and shows long-persistent HNK-1 immunoreactivity dorsolateral to the foregut. The crest cells that populate the gut arise from the caudal portion of the circumpharyngeal crest and are always located caudal to the caudalmost pharyngeal ectomesenchyme. Circumpharyngeal crest cells continuously populate the pharyngeal arch ectomesenchyme and enteric nervous system on the lateral side of the foregut wall, as well as the hypoglossal pathway which develops within the ventral portion of the circumpharyngeal ridge. E/C8 and HNK-1 immunoreactivity are associated with the cells migrating via the dorsolateral (circumpharyngeal) and ventrolateral pathways, respectively, with one exception: there is a population of putative crest cells along the proximal course of the vagal intestinal branch that shows both immunoreactivities around stage 20. Dil labeling of the cells in the circumpharyngeal ridge suggests that the cells are contributed from the circumpharyngeal ridge to this population. Thus, the distribution of the circumpharyngeal crest cells and their derivatives coincides with the peripheral branch distribution of the cranial nerves IX, X, and XII, whose development is selectively affected in the absence of the cardiac neural crest, the source of the circumpharyngeal crest.© Willey-Liss, Inc.     

旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的 :探讨带旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖及应用要点。方法 :在 2 5侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,重点观测旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支的走行、分支、发出点和外径等。结果 :旋股外侧动脉升支的阔筋膜张肌支上行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.1± 2 .3cm ,外径 1.2± 0 .8mm ,该支又分出 2～ 3支外径在 0 .3mm～ 0 .5mm的小分支从阔筋膜张肌后份进入肌质 ,上行至肌起始处达髂骨 ;其下行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.9± 1.8cm ,外径 1.3± 0 .8mm。结论 :旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣具有手术可行性和实际应用价值     

Lineage and development of the parasympathetic nervous system of the embryonic chick heart

 We were interested in the contribution of the cardiac neural crest to the complete anterior and posterior nerve plexus of the chick heart. This includes the pathways by which these cardiac neural crest-derived neuronal precursors enter the heart. As lineage techniques we used the traditional quail-chick chimera in combination with the newly introduced technique of retroviral reporter gene transfer to premigratory cardiac neural crest cells. Retrovirally infected embryos (n=23) and quail-chick chimeras (n=19) between stages HH27 and 40, were immunohistochemically evaluated, using the lineage markers LacZ (retroviral reporter) and QCPN (anti-quail nuclear marker), respectively and the neuronal differentiation markers HNK-1, RMO-270 and DO-170. Between stages HH27 and 33, quail-derived and LacZ positive cells were situated around the arterial cardiac vagal branches at the arterial pole, and vagal branches along the anterior cardinal veins and the sinal vagal branch at the venous pole. From stage HH35 onward, QCPN/LacZ-positive cardiac ganglia were observed throughout the anterior and posterior plexus and were mainly concentrated in the subepicardium near the distal ends of the arterial cardiac vagal branches and the sinal cardiac vagal branch respectively. From stage HH36 both the anterior and posterior plexus contained a population of large cardiac ganglion cells and a population of smaller cells along nerve branches as well as in the cardiac ganglia, which means that differentiation starts in both plexus at the same time. Furthermore only nerve fiber connections between the anterior and posterior plexus were observed. These results show that the cardiac neural crest contributes to the cardiac ganglion cells from both the entire anterior and posterior plexus. Furthermore these results suggest that these precursor cells enter the arterial pole via the arterial cardiac vagal branches and the venous pole via the sinal cardiac vagal branch without intermixing. Finally we show that in addition to the cardiac ganglia, the cardiac neural crest contributes to small myocardial glia or undifferentiated cells along nerve fibers, and some myocardial nerve fibers as well as nerve tissue in the adventitia of the large veins at the venous pole and in the adventitia of the coronary arteries. Accepted: 30 March 1998     

Temporal-spatial ablation of neural crest in the mouse results in cardiovascular defects.

Neural crest cells are thought to play a critical role in human conotruncal morphogenesis and dysmorphogenesis. Much of our understanding of the contribution of neural crest to cardiovascular patterning comes from ablation and transplantation experiments in avian species. Although fate mapping experiments in mice suggests a conservation of function, the functional requirement for neural crest in cardiovascular development in mammals has not been formally tested. We used a novel two component genetic system for the temporal-spatial ablation of neural crest in the mouse. Affected embryos displayed a spectrum of cardiovascular outflow tract defects and aortic arch patterning abnormalities. We show that the severity of the cardiovascular phenotype is directly related to the level and extent of neural crest ablation. This is the first report of cardiac neural crest ablation in mammals, and it provides important insight into the role of the mammalian neural crest during cardiovascular development.     

Craniofacial Development: Neural Crest in Molecular Embryology

Craniofacial development, one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in embryology, features a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population known as the neural crest (NC). Neural crest cells (NCCs) originate from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube and migrate along pre-determined routes into the developing branchial arches and frontonasal plate. The exceptional rates of proliferation and migration of NCCs enable their diverse contribution to a wide variety of craniofacial structures. Subsequent differentiation of these cells gives rise to cartilage, bones, and a number of mesenchymally-derived tissues. Deficiencies in any stage of differentiation can result in facial clefts and abnormalities associated with craniofacial syndromes. A small number of conserved signaling pathways are involved in controlling NC differentiation and craniofacial development. They are used in a reiterated fashion to help define precise temporospatial cell and tissue formation. Although many aspects of their cellular and molecular control have yet to be described, it is clear that together they form intricately integrated signaling networks required for spatial orientation and developmental stability and plasticity, which are hallmarks of craniofacial development. Mutations that affect the functions of these signaling pathways are often directly or indirectly identified in congenital syndromes. Clinical applications of NC-derived mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, persistent into adulthood, hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration. Realization of NCC potential for regenerative therapies motivates understanding of the intricacies of cell communication and differentiation that underlie the complexities of NC-derived tissues.     

臀上动脉深上支髂骨骺移植的解剖学研究

目的 :为带血供的髂骨骺移植提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人臀部标本以及 2侧儿童标本上 ,观测臀上动脉深上支的行程、分支及滋养支 ;选用 5 0块髋骨 ,观察髂骨嵴前外侧部的滋养孔。结果 :儿童臀上动脉深上支的分支、分布与成人相似 ,位于臀中肌深面和臀小肌上缘 (相当臀前线 ) ,循髂骨嵴弓形向前 ,达髂前上嵴 ,沿途分出平均 (4 .2± 1.1)支外径 0 .5～ 1.1mm的髂嵴支 ,分布髂嵴骨膜 ,并发细小分支进入滋养孔。从髂前上棘至结节区 ,在距髂嵴缘下方 2cm范围内 ,平均有(2 2 .4± 6.7)个滋养孔。结论 :以臀上动脉深上支及其分支为蒂 ,在髂嵴前部可切取带骺骨瓣 ,以修复长管骨骨骺缺损。     

应用髂嵴游离骨组织修复下颌骨缺损

目的:总结应用髂嵴游离骨组织修复下颌骨缺损的经验.方法:回顾21例应用游离髂嵴骨组织即时修复下颌骨缺损,对手术方法、术中、术后处理等进行总结分析.结果:用髂嵴游离骨组织修复下颌骨术后并发症少,手术成功率高(87.5%),能进行即刻种植体植入.结论:对不能开展显微外科的医院,下颌骨缺损患者用游离髂嵴骨组织修复仍可作为首选方法.     

带血管蒂肩胛骨瓣植入灭活肱骨瘤段重建肩关节

目的：探讨肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除术后带血管蒂肩胛骨瓣植入灭活瘤段骨重建肩关节的方法．方法：4例肱骨近端骨肉瘤患者(外科分期均为ⅡB)，术前均接受新辅助化疗。手术截除瘤段骨，经煮沸灭活后用带血管蒂肩胛骨瓣植入重建肩关节。结果：4例患者随访10～27个月，术后2个月ECT均显示灭活瘤段骨有核素浓聚。3例于12个月左右骨性愈合，1例术后10个月未完全骨性愈合．所有患者均无瘤生存，无局部复发和远处转移，肩关节功能均达到可接受程度。结论：带血管蒂肩胛骨瓣植入灭活瘤段骨重建肩关节手术是一种有效的肱骨近端恶性肿瘤保肢手术．具有独特的优点。