基于宽度学习的结构沉降预测

结构监测是确保工程结构建设在施工和运营阶段安全的关键因素,因此采用合理有效的预测模型对结构沉降监测数据进行科学准确的预测成为了当前结构沉降预测研究的重点。针对传统预测方法与深度学习方法用于结构沉降预测存在的预测精度不够高、模型结构复杂、训练耗时等问题,提出了一种基于宽度学习的结构沉降时间序列预测模型。通过实测地铁地下隧道沉降监测数据对宽度学习、人工神经网络、支持向量回归和深度置信网络-支持向量回归预测模型的预测结果进行对比分析。实验结果表明:宽度学习系统(broad learning system,BLS)应用于结构沉降预测具有良好的效果,其训练速度更快,预测精度更高。验证了所提出的宽度学习算法应用于结构沉降预测的可实施性和有效性。     

杨房沟水电站地下洞室关键岩石力学问题及工程对策研究

杨房沟水电站地下洞室群规模宏大、地质条件复杂,施工期围岩稳定问题突出。为解决洞室开挖过程中普遍揭露的脆性岩体高应力破坏、缓倾结构面导致的顶拱变形破坏、喷层开裂脱落等岩石力学问题,结合施工地质、监测成果和数值模拟开展动态反馈分析,对洞群围岩稳定性进行了系统地分析和预测。结果表明,在洞室群开挖过程中,上游侧拱肩位置存在应力集中,是导致脆性硬岩发生片帮破坏的主要原因,而及时、有效的系统支护对抑制围岩应力型破坏至关重要;缓倾结构面对顶拱围岩变形与稳定起着控制性作用,主要表现为断层下盘岩体坍塌破坏和深层变形问题;在中高地应力条件下,受不利地质构造和施工质量等因素控制,洞室顶拱混凝土喷层容易发生开裂、脱落问题。通过开展施工期围岩监测反馈分析,不仅能够解释围岩变形破坏机制,而且能够为支护设计优化和信息化施工提供科学依据。     

基于钻孔图像的结构面分布分维数计算方法

在工程实践中,对岩体结构面分布的分维数进行实测往往存在一定的难度,但是采用钻孔摄像技术既能够准确获取布设的钻孔内各项地质信息,而且形成的钻孔图像能够直观地反映钻孔中岩体结构面的特征参数,因此提出了一种基于钻孔图像的岩体结构面分布分维数计算方法。该方法的原理是:首先,通过钻孔图像获取研究区域内各钻孔内的岩体结构面的特征参数(包括倾角、倾向、隙宽、间距);然后,根据各钻孔之间的连通判断准则,判断区域内各钻孔结构面的连通性,并估算出研究区域内结构面的迹长值,同时参照钻孔的孔位及深度信息,来界定研究区域模型的范围;最后,结合Monte-Carlo法,建立岩体结构面分布的三维网络模型,根据分维数计算方法,求解模型各研究面的分形维数,并将3个钻孔的整体连通模型和各钻孔模型所得到的分维数开展对比分析。结果表明,该方法的计算结果与其他评价方法的结论一致。     

基于数学形态学和改进Otsu的单板缺陷检测

在经典检测算子中,针对单板灰度图像的缺陷检测存在缺陷边缘检测不清晰甚至出现伪边缘的问题,提出了一种Otsu改进算法与数学形态学相结合的单板缺陷检测算法.在HSI彩色空间中,对利用数学形态学滤波后的H、S、I分量采用本文算法进行分别处理,并将三分量的检测结果进行叠加.结果表明,该算法能够准确检测出单板的一个或多个缺陷边缘.与经典边缘检测算子的检测结果对比可知,该算法无论对于缺陷的定位还是边缘的提取均优于其他方法.     

Invertebrate response to impacts of water diversion and flow regulation in high‐altitude tropical streams

Water supply systems are critical infrastructure that provides food and energy security for developed societies. The operation of reservoirs (flow regulation) and water intakes (water diversion) has known negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems; however, quantification of ecological impacts and examination of these two types of flow alteration remain a developing area of research. We investigated the individual and combined impact of flow regulation and water diversion on stream ecosystem integrity, the freshwater macroinvertebrate community, and the population structure of flow‐sensitive insects. For 2 years, we monitored quarterly discharge, physical and chemical stream conditions, and benthic invertebrates of four high‐altitude tropical streams that are part of the water supply system of Quito, Ecuador. Flow regulation caused a loss of the hydrological seasonality of these streams, including a decrease in stream depth and biotic quality. Water diversion caused a decrease in dissolved oxygen and overall ecosystem integrity. Freshwater invertebrate density and richness decreased as a result of water diversion and flow regulation. The combined flow alteration in these streams decreased the density of nymphal stages of the widely distributed mayfly Andesiops peruvianus. Given the societal needs for food and energy security, water management for diversion (e.g., irrigation) and in‐line storage practices (e.g., hydroelectric dams) are anticipated to increase. This research suggests that the negative environmental impacts of flow alteration could be mitigated with discharge releases designed to approximate the natural hydrologic regime of undisturbed streams.     

超声导波电磁声换能器的研究进展

超声导波具有检测范围大、检测效率高等优点,广泛应用于板、管等典型波导结构的缺陷检测.作为超声导波换能器类型之一,电磁声换能器(electromagnetic acoustic transducer,EMAT)得到广泛关注和快速发展.综述了近20年来超声导波电磁声换能器的研究进展.主要包括:针对板和管结构超声导波检测的单模态EMAT结构设计;用于提高激励导波的能量和模态单一性的EMAT线圈与磁体结构参数的优化,针对非金属材料检测的新型贴片式EMAT的结构设计;阵列技术在EMAT性能优化上的应用和在缺陷定位和成像上的应用.     

沈161块S_3~2亚段微构造特征研究

在精细小层对比的基础上、采用密井网大比例尺绘图方法对沈161块微构造进行研究,划分出三种微构造单元和四种配置模式。根据单井累计产量资料表征剩余油含量,研究不同的微构造类型及配置模式对剩余油的控制程度。分析认为:微构造正向单元、顶凸底凸型配置模式发育处是沈161块剩余油分布的有利区,当有利区域恰好发育分流河道沉积微相时对剩余油有着最好的控制作用。     

用于混凝土结构探伤的PZT型钢筋的数值模拟

基于PZT的钢筋混凝土结构健康监测已经得到了广泛应用,为了研究基于导向波法的PZT型钢筋结构损伤监测机理,并进一步优化监测系统,使用有限元软件ANSYS对PZT型钢筋构件进行数值模拟和分析。选取合适的材料参数、单元类型和网格尺寸等,建立精细化的轴对称有限元模型进行机电耦合分析;将模拟结果与之前所做试验数据进行对比,精确的吻合度验证了有限元模拟的准确性,为损伤机理分析和试验优化奠定基础;改变模型中PZT与钢筋的接触方式,输出信号值是原模型信号的5倍左右,进而提出增强系统输出信号的优化方法。通过此研究,得出可通过数值模拟对PZT型钢筋探伤系统进行分析并得到改进系统以增加信号的方法。     

沉积参数对二氧化钛薄膜结构相变的影响

用磁控溅射的方法在硅衬底上制备了二氧化钛薄膜,并通过改变薄膜沉积过程中氧气含量、溅射时间、工作压强、衬底温度等溅射参数,制备了系列薄膜样品,得到了二氧化钛薄膜两种相结构的最佳生成条件.研究表明:较高的工作压强有利于金红石结构的生成;衬底加热、增加沉积时间有利于生成锐钛矿结构;氧气含量的变化对薄膜的相结构没有明显影响.     

Preparation of zeolite NaA for CO2 capture from nickel laterite residue

Zeolite NaA was successfully prepared from nickel laterite residue for the first time via a fusion-hydrothermal procedure. The structure and morphology of the as-synthesized zeolite NaA were characterized with a range of experimental techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. It was revealed that the structures of the produced zeolites were dependent on the molar ratios of the reactants and hydrothermal reaction conditions, so the synthesis conditions were optimized to obtain pure zeolite NaA. Adsorption of nitrogen and carbon dioxide on the prepared zeolite NaA was also measured and analyzed. The results showed that zeolite NaA could be prepared with reasonable purity, it had physicochemical properties comparable with zeolite NaA made from other methods, and it had excellent gas adsorption properties, thus demonstrating that zeolite NaA could be prepared from nickel laterite residue.