水资源效率模型及以辽宁省为例的实证研究

以IPAT方程为理论基础,建立了水资源效率模型,并以辽宁省为实证,利用GDP增长数据、水资源供给和消耗的数据,分4种情况讨论并计算出辽宁省到2020年期间水资源合理用量和单位GDP水资源消耗需要降低的倍数。在2010、2015和2020年水资源效率分别提高1.2、1.5和2倍,比较符合辽宁省地区发展的实际状况。提出了建设节水型社会的观点和实现水资源效率革命的对策。     

光学玻璃最大声子能量的红外光谱估算

为找到一种更迅捷的获取玻璃最大声子能量的方法,研究了玻璃基质的最大声子能量(E)与红外透过带边(R)的关系,给出了两者的经验公式。提供了利用红外透过带边估算最大声子能量的方法,并将此法应用于稀土掺杂铋酸盐玻璃,得到该玻璃的最大声子能量E=608 cm-1。数值与文献报道的参考值相符合,说明利用红外透过带边估算玻璃基质的最大声子能量是可行的。     

广州地区大型办公类公共建筑能耗调查与分析

通过对广州市有代表性的写字楼进行3个年度全年能耗抽样调查,分析了2栋大型办公类公共建筑全年的建筑能耗组成和变化规律。指出此两栋大型办公类建筑按实际使用面积计算的全年平均总能耗为149.3 kWh/m2和115 kWh/m2,全年空调能耗占建筑总能耗的比例分别为49.2%和38.5%。由于所使用的能耗调查方法详细,调查对象具有代表性,因此,能耗分析结果可作为广州地区办公类公共建筑能耗数据库的一部分或为其提供参考。此外,通过和其他相关文献研究结果的对比,指出了夏热冬暖气候区建筑节能的途径。     

基于SWMM与NSGA-Ⅱ耦合的城区雨水泵站多目标优化调控

针对城区复杂水系统中雨水泵站的调控系统性弱和优化时效性慢的问题,将SWMM的水量水质过程模拟与NSGA-Ⅱ的快速非支配排序进行深度耦合,从减缓城区内涝、控制面源污染负荷输出与减低耗电量的角度,建立了多线程并行计算和带有决策者偏好的城区雨水泵站多目标优化调控模型。对天津空港经济区的雨水泵站优化调度进行实例研究,结果表明,与常规调度方式相比,在典型设计降水情景下,该优化模型在不显著增加节点积水累计时间的前提下,减少输出了1383.34 kg的污染负荷,节约了621.92 kW·h电能,求解速率可提升至单线程串行计算的4.2倍。该优化方案充分利用了泵站调蓄池的库容缓冲和水质稀释作用,减缓了场次降水对于城区水环境的瞬时冲击影响,降低了运行成本。     

Increased hydropower production and hydropeaking mitigation along the Upper Inn River (Tyrol,Austria) with a combination of buffer reservoirs,diversion hydropower plants and retention basins

Research on hydropeaking in Austria started in the 1990s and the implementation of the WFD stipulated large research projects since the year 2009. The first research projects supported the process understanding and in a second investigation step, measures were evaluated. The mountains in the region of Tyrol create large heads and thus support the production of flexible energy. In this region, TIWAG is operating 9 large (>10 MW) and 27 small (<10 MW) hydropower plants, with an installed capacity of about 1,550 MW and a mean annual production of 3,000 GWh. As the governmental energy strategy foresees an extension of the hydropower production in Austria, suitable options were selected in 2004 by TIWAG and the water management framework plan for Western Tyrol was developed. This strategic planning instrument proposes five large power plants, with a generation of 1,800 GWh/year of renewable energy, which enables to reach the WFD targets, because the concept includes hydropeaking mitigation by combining buffer reservoirs (impoundments), diversion hydropower plants, and retention basins. We present our promising concept of hydropeaking mitigation and exemplify this based on the GKI, a hydropeaking diversion hydropower plants (HPP) at the Swiss/Austrian border as well as the Silz hydropeaking retention basin, with a volume of about 300,000 m³. As the presented case studies are the largest measures for hydropeaking mitigation being currently implemented in Central Europe, they have pilot-character. Thus, ongoing research and monitoring programs are expected to improve the knowledge about hydropeaking mitigation.     

Mangrove forests as a nature-based solution for coastal flood protection: Biophysical and ecological considerations

Nature-based coastal protection is increasingly recognised as a potentially sustainable and cost-effective solution to reduce coastal flood risk. It uses coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests to create resilient designs for coastal flood protection. However, to use mangroves effectively as a nature-based measure for flood risk reduction, we must understand the biophysical processes that govern risk reduction capacity through mangrove ecosystem size and structure. In this perspective, we evaluate the current state of knowledge on local physical drivers and ecological processes that determine mangrove functioning as part of a nature-based flood defence. We show that the forest properties that comprise coastal flood protection are well-known, but models cannot yet pinpoint how spatial heterogeneity of the forest structure affects the capacity for wave or surge attenuation. Overall, there is relatively good understanding of the ecological processes that drive forest structure and size, but there is a lack of knowledge on how daily bed-level dynamics link to long-term biogeomorphic forest dynamics, and on the role of combined stressors influencing forest retreat. Integrating simulation models of forest structure under changing physical (e.g. due to sea-level change) and ecological drivers with hydrodynamic attenuation models will allow for better projections of long-term natural coastal protection.     

Viscosity of binary mixtures. I. mono-, di-, and tri-n-butyl and -n-octylamine with cyclohexane

Viscosities for six binary mixtures of n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, tri-n-butylamine, n-octylamine, di-n-octylamine, and tri-n-octylamine with cyclohexane have been measured at 303.15 K with an Ubbelohde suspendedlevel viscometer. Deviations of viscosities from a rectilinear dependence on mole fraction are attributed to H-bonding and to the size of alkylamine compounds. The application of the Eyring's theory of activation energy is examined. The free volume theory of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) and the experimental excess enthalpy have been used to estimate excess viscosity ln = (ln / ₁ ⁰ – x ₂ ln ₂ ⁰ / ₁ ⁰ ) and corresponding free volume, enthalpy, and entropy contributions for five binary mixtures of tri-n-alkylamine: triethyl, tripropyl, tributyl, trihexyl, and trioctylamine with cyclohexane. A comparison of experimental and theoretical excess viscosities indicates a failure of the PFP theory when two components of the mixture differ considerably in size. The size difference contribution to excess viscosity is related to (V ₂ ^*1/2 – V ₁ ^*1/2 ), where V ₁ ^* and V ₂ ^* are hard-core volumes of two components of the mixture.     

新能源汽车低频振动噪声传递路径模拟方法

针对新能源汽车低频噪声分布规律具有复杂性,造成噪声传递路径模拟难度加大等问题,提出新能源汽车低频振动噪声传递路径模拟方法。定义声阻与声抗以明确材料声学特征,以此为基础建立新能源汽车低频振动方程。分析低频振动噪声传递路径,使用力锤激励法测量传递函数,同时采用悬置刚度方法测量激励力,分析噪声激励响应,并修正噪声响应系数。计算有效点导纳,分别获取每个噪声在对应传递路径上的贡献量,确定噪声分布规律,实现噪声传递路径模拟。仿真结果表明,所提方法噪声估计精准度高,模拟时间短,模拟准确率高,能够为汽车降噪提供重要参考。     

汽车轮胎胎面磨损程度检测系统

汽车轮胎的安全性直接关乎交通安全和乘客的出行安全, 轮胎异常磨损容易导致爆胎, 严重磨损的轮胎时刻威胁着乘客的生命安全, 汽车在道路上飞驰的过程中主要磨损的是轮胎的胎面, 因此实现自动化的轮胎磨损检测很有必要. 本研究借助Visual Studio 2017开发平台, 采用C++编程, 使用OpenCV计算机视觉库的API接口结合自主编程的处理顺序, 实现了对轮胎图像的自动采集传输和处理分析, 该系统能精准提取轮胎胎面图像, 并通过分析胎面图像的灰度共生矩阵的特征值判定轮胎的磨损程度, 实现了针对轮胎胎面磨损的自动化检测系统.     

自适应序列生成的建筑能耗预测

提出一种基于强化学习的生成对抗网络(Reinforcement learning-based Generative Adversarial Networks,Re-GAN)能耗预测方法.该算法将强化学习与生成对抗网络相结合,将GAN(Generative Adversarial Nets)中的生成器以及判别器分别构建为强化学习中Agent(生成器)以及奖赏函数.在训练过程中,将当前的真实能耗序列作为Agent的输入状态,构建一组固定长度的生成序列,结合判别器及蒙特卡洛搜索方法进一步构建当前序列的奖赏函数,并以此作为真实样本序列后续第一个能耗值的奖赏.在此基础之上,构建关于奖赏的目标函数,并求解最优参数.最后使用所提算法对唐宁街综合大楼公开的建筑能耗数据进行预测试验,实验结果表明,所提算法比多层感知机、门控循环神经网络和卷积神经网络具有更高的预测精度.