堵水调剖用暂堵剂ZDJ-98的研制与性能评价

本文简述了暂堵剂在多孔介质中的 堵原理,研究了暂堵剂ＺＤＪ－９８的配方及性能。结果表明,该暂堵剂成胶,破胶反应速度可控制,在６０－８０℃地层条件下形成的弱凝胶对中低渗透层能形成有效的堵塞,弱凝胶破胶液化反渗透率可恢复至８０％以上。     

生产验证的临时键合与解键合设备及技术

化合物半导体材料的应用经历了稳定的增长,尤其是在光电子产业中更为典型。这些材料的应用要求在封装之前需将衬底减薄到100μm以下。由于这种材料的易碎性,需要某种支持方式来通过各种工序对衬底进行处理。半导体行业中建造这种支持最公认的方法是临时固定这种衬底材料到刚性载体基底上。介绍了一种用全自动方式固定和解固定这类衬底的技术。通过采用各种中间基底,包括热和紫外光释放的能够预先准备和薄片状的全自动化干式黏性膜。200mm直径的这种衬底可以以片盒到片盒的方式键合到晶圆平面的这种载体上。本工艺中选用了一种保护性涂层到衬底上。一旦这种衬底固定后,便可以完成随后的减薄、通孔印刷等工序。当这种衬底被减薄和背面处理之后,第二道加工便用于从载体上解键合该衬底,再次以片盒到片盒的方式将其固定到划版的薄膜或类似的载体上。     

应用于暂时粘结、基片保护和MOEMS封装的新型材料

随着微电子制造商持续缩小晶体管基极和其他元件的尺寸,集成电路的密度不断增大,电路连接工艺中开始使用低k介电质和铜导电体。为了进一步提高电路整体性能与射电频率性能、缩小体积、降低电源损耗、提高散热效率,承载电路的基片的厚度正在持续变薄。常规的工艺已经无法加工先进的超薄基片。为了解决这个工艺中的难题,BrewerScience利用自己先进的材料、工艺、机械设备的研究开发水平,正在开发一套崭新的超薄基片的加工操作流程。介绍用于将超薄基片暂时粘结到另一载体的系列材料和流程,完成加工以后,基片和载体可以很容易地分离。另外,对用于保护基片的新型涂料也进行了介绍。在对基片进行薄化和切割的时候,这种涂料可以对基片提供有效的保护。最后,介绍了高透明高折射材料,这些材料用在高亮度发光二极管(HB-LED)和微光电机械系统(MOEMS)中,可以降低由封装引起的光损耗。     

Influence of a reduced wearing time on the attenuation of hearing protectors assessed via temporary threshold shifts

Valuable recommendations for the choice, utilization, care, and maintenance, and for the measurement of sound attenuation of hearing-protective devices have been laid down in international standards. Yet, by considering the wearing time of a hearing protector, the standard DIN EN 458 assumes a scarcely understandable drastic reduction in the effective attenuation even when the device is not used for only a short time in a noise-filled area. A 30 dB sound attenuation of such a protective device would, e.g., decrease to 12 dB if it were unused for only 30 min of an 8 h shift. Thus, the actual influence of a shortened wearing time on the protection of earmuffs was tested in a laboratory study using audiometric measurements of the temporary threshold shift (TTS₂) and its recovery after exposure to noise. For that purpose, the effectiveness of a hearing-protective device depending on the amount of time worn as prognosticated by DIN EN 458 was compared with the actual physiological effect of the earmuffs. Ten test subjects (Ss) participated in three test series (TS), each. In the first of the TS, the Ss were exposed to a sound pressure of 106 dB(A) for 1 h, during which the Ss wore noise-insulating earmuffs with an attenuation of 30 dB. The Ss were exposed to the same sound pressure in TS II; however, after 30 min, the earmuffs were removed for a duration of  min. Mathematically, this reduced the sound attenuation of the earmuffs to 12 dB, i.e., the average noise level over 1 h is 94 dB, which is equivalent to 85 dB(A) over 8 h. In order to evaluate the actual additional physiological cost of TS II, the Ss were exposed to 94 dB(A)/1 h without earmuffs in a third TS. This acoustic load, which is energy equivalent to the load in TS II, is also equivalent to 85 dB(A)/8 h. The results show that the continuous wearing of the earmuffs offers secure protection. However, the energetic approach and the levelling of differently structured noise loads according to the principle of energy equivalence leads to misconceiving results. The drastic reduction of the sound attenuation of the earmuffs predicted from the energetic point of view must be regarded as exaggerated. The TTS values show that TS II – which, according to the principle of energy-damage-equivalence, should result in the same effects as TS III – represents significantly less auditory fatigue. Thus, if the earmuffs are taken off briefly, a drastic reduction in the protection – as predicted in DIN EN 458 — does not result.

Relevance to industry

The results of this study demonstrate that the standards and regulations for noise rating do not correspond with the actual physiological facts and, therefore, can only be used in a very limited manner. Utilization of the principle of energy equivalence has proven problematic not only for rating noise. This principle also leads to an essential underestimation of the attenuation of hearing protectors when these devices are taken off for only a short time in a noise-filled area.     

Natural Methods of Interaction Or Natural Interaction in the Everyday Digital World

Computers, mobiles and automatised machines are so omnipresent that the means by which we interact with digital devices is now generally regarded as a given. Italian practice iO Agency, though, questions our use of mechanised interfaces and the language that they require us to learn. Valentina Croci explains how iO Agency has developed more natural ways for people to interact with digital environments through physical or tactile ‘triggers’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

综采工作面设备快速搬家技术的研究与应用

随着矿井大功率采煤设备的应用,采场接替频繁,综采工作面设备的安装、回撤成了制约矿井生产的薄弱环节.结合新阳煤矿生产实践经验,介绍了综采工作面安装、回撤过程中液压支架撤出、设备运输、液压支架安装等环节的组织及施工方案,对推进高产高效矿井建设具有广泛的推广价值.     

Risk analysis of bridge falsework cuplok systems

Bridge falsework systems are one of the most common temporary structures used to support the formwork during the construction of concrete bridges. In this paper, the development of a risk analysis of selected bridge falsework structures using the Cuplok^® system is presented by means of a risk-informed structural design methodology based on newly developed structural robustness and structural fragility indices. Illustrative examples are given detailing the steps and calculations needed, including consideration of model and statistical uncertainties, and the results obtained are discussed. Furthermore, strategies for decreasing risks are presented and risks are determined for a reference (baseline) scenario and one selected alternative (improved) scenario and later evaluated against proper risk criteria. For the cases analysed, it is concluded that if the cost of the permanent structure considerably exceeds the cost of the temporary structure, which is often the case, the extent of improvements in terms of structural and economical risks may justify the extra costs incurred by implementing simple quality management procedures.     

超深裂缝性厚层改造效果影响因素分析与高效改造对策

针对塔里木油田超深裂缝性厚层改造效果不理想问题,分析确定了影响储层改造效果的主要因素及其影响规律,提出了储层高效改造对策。地质力学研究结果认为影响裂缝开启的因素主要有储层天然裂缝产状、储层地应力、改造时引起的孔隙压力增量、天然裂缝走向与最大主应力方向夹角、裂缝内聚力等。高角度天然裂缝容易发生剪切破坏开启;改造时孔隙压力增量越大、最大最小主地应力差越大,天然裂缝就越易剪切破坏开启;天然裂缝走向与最大主应力方向夹角越小,天然裂缝就越易剪切破坏开启;裂缝内聚力对裂缝开启率的影响较大,降低裂缝内聚力可大幅度增加裂缝开启率,裂缝内聚力从14MPa降低到0MPa,天然裂缝开启率从11.5%增加到71.2%,裂缝开启率增加59.7%。油藏数模研究表明提高储层纵向动用程度比提高储层横向动用程度更有利于提高单井产能。现场通过暂堵和大排量泵注提高井底压力,前置酸酸化降低裂缝内聚力,利于增加天然裂缝的开启率、加入可降解暂堵材料提高储层动用程度、改善增产改造效果,实现了储层高效改造的目的。     

Modelling and scheduling analysis of multi-cluster tools with residency constraints based on time constraint sets

This paper is dedicated to the scheduling problem of multi-cluster tools with process module residency constraints and multiple wafer product types. The problem is formulated as a non-linear programming model based on a set of time constraint sets. An effective algorithm called the time constraint sets based (TCSB) algorithm is presented as a new method to schedule the transport modules to minimise the makespan of a number of wafers. In approach, time constraint sets are maintained for all the resources and necessary operations to exploit the remaining production capacities during the scheduling process. To validate the proposed algorithm on a broader basis, a series of simulation experiments are designed to compare our TCSB algorithm with the benchmark with regard to cluster factor, configuration flexibilities and the variation of the processing times and residency constraint times. The results indicate that the proposed TCSB algorithm gives optimal or near optimal scheduling solutions in most cases.     

地震灾区过渡安置房电气设计点滴

介绍了过渡安置房的建筑特点;依据<地震灾区过渡安置房建设技术导则>,结合当地实际情况,确定了电气设计的标准;采取了保障安置房居民人身安全的技术措施.