从电子垃圾到生态恢复:全球视角下的电子垃圾不平等处理模式与景观干预方法研究

电子技术的飞速发展导致了每年大量电子垃圾(废弃电气和电子设备)的产生,在发达国家尤其如此.在经济全球化的背景下,发展中国家和欠发达国家由于缺乏相关环境法律和政策的保护且劳动力成本较低,导致发达国家将数量庞大的电子垃圾出口至这些国家.在低技拆解这些电子垃圾的过程中,产生的有害化学物质进入空气、土壤和深层地下水,污染饮用水和食物,并最终进入人体.由于经济和政策发展不均衡,产生电子垃圾最少的国家和地区(例如中国、印度、加纳等)反而遭受最大的损失.本文研究了全球范围内电子垃圾的生产、分布和流动情况,及其不平等的分布和处理模式;随后分析了不同国家和国际电子垃圾回收政策,并讨论了非正规拆解行为对经济、社会和环境造成的影响;最后,以中国贵屿为例,重点关注农田、河流和城市用地三种用地类型,从关键景观问题中总结出景观干预策略和方法,并将其实施划分为三个不同的恢复和发展阶段.本文旨在从景观干预的角度,为全球电子垃圾污染地区的生态、健康和生计恢复提供研究和干预建议.     

Spatial ecology of reintroduced walleye (Sander vitreus) in Hamilton Harbour of Lake Ontario

Many coastal embayments in the Laurentian Great Lakes have been subjected to extensive human physical modification and pollution that has led to the loss of freshwater biodiversity. For example, Hamilton Harbour is a large coastal embayment situated at the western end of Lake Ontario, with a long history of industrial and urban development that has resulted in the loss and degradation of aquatic habitat and the extirpation of several fish species. To restore the fish community in Hamilton Harbour, several attempts have been made to increase apex predator biodiversity by reintroducing native walleye (Sander vitreus). To assess how reintroduced (i.e., stocked) walleye use Hamilton Harbour, we used acoustic telemetry to characterize the residency of individuals within the boundaries of the harbour as well as their seasonal space use, with a focused interest on the spring spawning period. During the 1?yr tracking period tagged walleye spent an average of 357?days (range 135–365?days) within the harbour. Most individuals (12/15) remained within the harbour during the entire spring spawning period, and over half of the tagged fish departed (n?=?7) at the end of summer and beginning of fall. Core use areas appeared to gradually shift more easterly as the seasons progressed from winter to summer. Results from this study indicate that stocked fish are resident within Hamilton Harbour for most of the year, including the reproductive period, which suggests that stocking efforts to re-establish walleye populations may be an effective restoration strategy if recruitment is successful.     

Restoration of solid oxide fuel cell stacks after failure of partial cells

We investigated a solid oxide fuel cell stack that employs anode-supported planar cells in which two intermediate plates are installed every 10 cells to determine the influence of the separation and reconnection of the intermediate plates after high temperature operation. We showed that this separation and reconnection caused no significant degradation in stack performance. A 30-cell stack, which was constructed by removing two 10-cell sub-stacks from a 50-cell stack that had operated stably 1200 h, functioned well. The difference between the average voltages of the cells in the 50- and 30-cell stacks was less than 3% when the current density, fuel utilization, and oxygen utilization were 0.30 A cm⁻², 60%, and 15%, respectively. The 30-cell stack operated stably for about 1200 h with almost no degradation. These findings indicate that our stack can be restored after cells in the stack have broken down simply by removing the 10-cell sub-stacks that contain the broken cells and replacing them with undamaged 10-cell sub-stacks.     

Lake Urmia restoration success story: A natural trend or a planned remedy?

Lake Urmia is the second-largest hypersaline lake in the world. There has been a drastic water level drop of 7.2 m from 1995 to 2016. Beginning in October 2013, the Lake Urmia Restoration Plan (LURP) launched a 10-year program. An increase in water level and a relative improvement in Lake Urmia condition has been observed since 2017. It is an undecided and controversial issue whether the recent positive trend of Lake Urmia has been due to the LURP activities or it is a natural contribution of climate factors variations. To shed some light on this issue, we examine three other lakes, adjacent to the Lake Urmia basin, with similar rainfall variability to investigate their status during the same period. Van (Turkey), Mosul, and Tharthar (both in Iraq), are evaluated as well as Lake Urmia. Three decades of remotely sensed data including precipitation ($P$), water level ($\mathit{WL}$), and lake extent ($A$) were considered for the mentioned lakes. A significant correlation was observed between standardized $\mathit{WL}-P$, and $A-P$ over the long-term period, especially for the recent three years ($R$² = 0.63–0.87). We show that the cumulative precipitation in the antecedent months played a major role in the improvement of these lakes' situation but with different time lags (up to 6 months for Van and Mosul lakes and up to 36 months for Lake Urmia and Tharthar lake). These findings could inform the planners of LURP to adopt strategies for achieving a sustainable state of Lake Urmia based on a more realistic outlook.     

Determinants of temperature in small coastal embayments of Lake Ontario

Along 25 km of the Lake Ontario shoreline near Toronto, Ontario, small coastal embayments (0.4–32 ha) have been constructed or modified by lake-infilling to restore warmwater fish habitat. The variation in thermal habitat quality for warmwater fishes among these embayments is very high; temperatures range from those found within a small pond to those of much cooler Lake Ontario. Since meteorological conditions and surface heat fluxes are almost identical, the temperature variation among embayments must be caused by differences in bathymetry or exchange with Lake Ontario. However, a previous study on these embayments found paradoxically that temperatures were not strongly associated with channel size or embayment bathymetry. This paper resolves the paradox by showing that flushing times for almost all of the constructed embayments were less than 1 day, and often less than 12 h. With so little time to warm within the embayments, water temperatures of almost all embayments remained very close to the temperatures of the adjacent lake waters. The coldest embayments connected directly to open Lake Ontario and warmer embayments connected to Lake Ontario through other embayments or protected harbors, where the inflowing water from Lake Ontario had already substantially warmed. To allow embayments along the exposed shoreline of Toronto to reach acceptable temperatures for warmwater fish, we use heat budgets to calculate that average summer flushing times must be increased from their current length of 1.5 to 5.5 h to approximately 30 h. Such changes could be achieved through large reductions in the channel cross section.     

电力系统负荷恢复问题的混合遗传算法求解

对电力恢复过程中最后一个阶段的负荷恢复问题进行了研究,把电力系统的负荷恢复问题建模为带众多约束条件的0?1背包问题,并设计了一种将贪心算法与改进遗传算法相结合的改进混合遗传算法来对问题进行求解.在遗传算法之前,先用贪心算法生成该问题的贪心解,然后让每一代中有着最差适应度的个体无条件的变为此贪心解,使最终结果至少不会比贪心法差.解决了系统在负荷恢复过程中的潮流计算问题,采用先求系统的频率变化,然后再计算潮流分布的方法,将约束条件和目标函数融合在一起,通过建立一种偏序关系,避免了罚函数选择参数的困难.利用贪心算法求解背包问题的快速性和多父体杂交的非凸组合技术,使算法具有求解的快速性和在解空间内搜索的遍历性.算例求解结果表明了该算法在负荷恢复问题中的有效性.     

用于彩色图像复原的带有高阶耦合项的TV模型

提出了一种改进的TV(Total Variance)彩色图像复原方法。为消除TV模型的各向异性扩散导致的块效应,采用在TV模型的基础上耦合高阶项的新模型;并将这个新的模型推广到彩色图像,利用多通道的耦合机制实现各单色通道图像复原过程的相互制约。新模型保持了各向异性扩散的特性,图像的边缘得到了保持。实验结果证明, 与其它模型的复原 彩色图像相比,新模型复原的图像的峰值信噪比(PSNR)有了更大的提高,图像的非边缘区看上去更加平滑自然。     

Characterization of slate processing fines according to parameters of relevance for mine spoil reclamation

Slate processing fines (SPF) are mineral wastes produced during the preparation of roofing slate. Slate is extracted in open-cast quarries, that often result in disturbed sites and wastes that are thrown into dumps which are inhospitable to vegetation due to their poor water holding capacity and limited capability to supply nutrients. Covering the slate dumps with a layer of fine materials is expected to help reduce their adverse properties, thus facilitating a reclamation process. Revegetation success will depend on a number of factors such as the physical condition of the restructured soil, its nutrient content, the presence or absence of toxic materials and the selection of the plants best suited to the prevailing conditions. In this work the main physical, chemical and biological properties of the SPF have been determined, emphasizing those which will influence the successful establishment of vegetation. Since the electrical conductivity and pH of the SPF are in the range which is tolerable by plants, and the quantities of heavy metals are under the thresholds of toxicity, they could be used for this purpose but, due to the lack of nutrients and biological activity, and adverse physical condition, some organic amendment will be necessary for successful reclamation.     

21世纪的古建筑保护与修复

２１世纪的古建筑保护与修复不仅关系到人类神经物质文明的发展,而且与人类文化遗产的延续息息相关。