基于策略选择的Agent多议题协商优化

Agent和多Agent系统（Multi—Agent Syste璐，简称MAS）正在成为人工智能研究实用化和在分布计算环境下的软件智能化的重要技术。协商策略是Agent协商的一个重要问题，选择有效的策略，可以有效地提高协商的效率。提出了一个策略选择算法，并以此为基础，在协商模型中运用预测结果，对协商模型进行了优化，使Agent在协商过程中能根据自己的需要来缩短协商进程，同时获得合理的收益，提高协商过程的可控性。最后通过实验证明了工作的有效性。     

Getting off on the right foot: Subjective value versus economic value in predicting longitudinal job outcomes from job offer negotiations.

Although negotiation experiences can affect a negotiator's ensuing attitudes and behavior, little is known about their long-term consequences. Using a longitudinal survey design, the authors tested the degree to which economic and subjective value achieved in job offer negotiations predicts employees' subsequent job attitudes and intentions concerning turnover. Results indicate that subjective value predicts greater compensation satisfaction and job satisfaction and lower turnover intention measured 1 year later. Surprisingly, the economic outcomes that negotiators achieved had no apparent effects on these factors. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

无线局域网中一种基于共享秘密的认证和密钥协商协议

针对无线局域网中的便携式通信终端的计算资源、通信能力有限,难以执行大运算量的密码算法问题,提出了一种基于共享秘密的认证方式.该认证方式采用完整性校验码等安全技术为通信双方提供双向认证,由根秘密生成用于不同目的的多种密钥,并构成密钥体系.该认证方式能抵御重放攻击和中间人攻击,而且具有通信量小、计算量小、能提供密钥协商功能等优点,适合在资源受限的设备中用于保护移动通信中的信息安全.     

Team negotiation and perceptions of trustworthiness: The whole versus the sum of the parts.

In a team negotiation context, the authors empirically explored how judgments of team-level trust are derived from individual-level trust. Basing their argument on both the negativity bias and the discontinuity effect, the authors posit that people will focus most on the least trustworthy individual member of a team when making judgments about collective team-level trust. Findings from two studies demonstrate that perceptions of team trust are indeed lower than the average ratings of individual trust and are statistically equivalent to the least trusted member. In addition, compared with average individual trust levels, perceptions of collective team trust were found to be more predictive of (a) impasse rates in distributive negotiations and (b) the level of joint gain in integrative negotiations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Starting low but ending high: A reversal of the anchoring effect in auctions.

Counter to the "start high, end high" effect of anchors in individual judgments and dyadic negotiations, 6 studies using a diverse set of methodologies document how and why, in the social setting of auctions, lower starting prices result in higher final prices. Three processes contribute to this effect. First, lower starting prices reduce barriers to entry, which increase traffic and generate higher final prices. Second, lower starting prices entice bidders to invest time and energy (creating sunk costs) and, consequently, escalate their commitments. Third, the traffic generated by lower starting prices can lead bidders to infer value in the item, thereby explaining previous findings that traffic begets more traffic. The authors show that barriers to entry that limit traffic (e.g., a misspelled brand name) lead to anchoring's normal assimilative effect rather than its reversal. By broadening the understanding of anchors to extended social interactions and open markets, the authors identify when and why starting prices anchor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

一种基于不完全信息环境下多议题协商的最优化

文章探讨了Agent之间双边多议题的协商。主要以议程和协商程序这两个因素研究了其结果．并分析了不完全信息环境下不同议程和程序的协商过程，在此基础上，我们确定了逐一问题和一揽子交易两个协商程序的平衡策略，最后，给出了每个Agent所有可能议程和过程组合优化的协商结局。     

Managing commitments in multiple concurrent negotiations

Automated negotiation by software agents is a key enabling technology for agent mediated e-commerce. To this end, this paper considers an important class of such negotiations – namely those in which an agent engages in multiple concurrent bilateral negotiations for a good or service. In particular, we consider the situation in which a buyer agent is looking for a single service provider from a number of available ones in its environment. By bargaining simultaneously with these providers and interleaving partial agreements that it makes with them, a buyer can reach good deals in an efficient manner. However, a key problem in such encounters is managing commitments since an agent may want to make intermediate deals (so that it has a definite agreement) with other agents before it gets to finalize a deal at the end of the encounter. To do this effectively, however, the agents need to have a flexible model of commitments that they can reason about in order to determine when to commit and to decommit. This paper provides and evaluates such a commitment model and integrates it into a concurrent negotiation model.     

Automated Negotiation from Declarative Contract Descriptions

Our approach for automating the negotiation of business contracts proceeds in three broad steps. First, determine the structure of the negotiation process by applying general knowledge about auctions and domain–specific knowledge about the contract subject along with preferences from potential buyers and sellers. Second, translate the determined negotiation structure into an operational specification for an auction platform. Third, after the negotiation has completed, map the negotiation results to a final contract. We have implemented a prototype which supports these steps by employing a declarative specification (in courteous logic programs) of (1) high–level knowledge about alternative negotiation structures, (2) general–case rules about auction parameters, (3) rules to map the auction parameters to a specific auction platform, and (4) special–case rules for subject domains. We demonstrate the flexibility of this approach by automatically generating several alternative negotiation structures for the domain of travel shopping in a trading agent competition.     

100万元以下政府投资项目发包的选择分析

合理选择100万元以下政府投资项目的发包方式,可有效保障项目顺利进行,并实现源头防腐。     

Logical Comparison of Inconsistent Perspectives using Scoring Functions

The language for describing inconsistency is underdeveloped. If a database (a set of formulae) is inconsistent, there is usually no qualification of that inconsistency. Yet, it would seem useful to be able to say how inconsistent a database is, or to say whether one database is more inconsistent than another database. In this paper, we provide a more general characterization of inconsistency in terms of a scoring function for each database . A scoring function S is from the power set of into the natural numbers defined so that S() gives the number of minimally inconsistent subsets of that would be eliminated if the subset was removed from . This characterization offers an expressive and succinct means for articulating, in general terms, the nature of inconsistency in a set of formulae. We then compare databases using their scoring functions. This gives an intuitive ordering relation over databases that we can describe as more inconsistent than. These techniques are potentially useful in a wide range of problems including monitoring progress in negotiations between a number of participants, and in comparing heterogeneous sources of information.