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991.
Joseph D. Geller Charles Herrington 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2002,107(6):503-508
Reducing the measurement uncertainty of quantitative analyses made using electron probe microanalyzers (EPMA) requires a careful study of the individual uncertainties from each definable step of the measurement. Those steps include measuring the incident electron beam current and voltage, knowing the angle between the electron beam and the sample (takeoff angle), collecting the emitted x rays from the sample, comparing the emitted x-ray flux to known standards (to determine the k-ratio) and transformation of the k-ratio to concentration using algorithms which includes, as a minimum, the atomic number, absorption, and fluorescence corrections.This paper discusses the collection and counting of the emitted x rays, which are diffracted into the gas flow or sealed proportional x-ray detectors. The representation of the uncertainty in the number of collected x rays collected reduces as the number of counts increase. The uncertainty of the collected signal is fully described by Poisson statistics. Increasing the number of x rays collected involves either counting longer or at a higher counting rate. Counting longer means the analysis time increases and may become excessive to get to the desired uncertainty. Instrument drift also becomes an issue. Counting at higher rates has its limitations, which are a function of the detector physics and the detecting electronics.Since the beginning of EPMA analysis, analog electronics have been used to amplify and discriminate the x-ray induced ionizations within the proportional counter. This paper will discuss the use of digital electronics for this purpose. These electronics are similar to that used for energy dispersive analysis of x rays with either Si(Li) or Ge(Li) detectors except that the shaping time constants are much smaller. 相似文献
992.
A method of tomographic inversion using wavelets is described which relies on the “diagonalization” property of wavelets for the derivative of the Hilber transform. Error bounds are given for reconstruction using the technique and an optimal wavelet which minimizes the error is presented. The method is well suited for inversion of from local data. 相似文献
993.
994.
冷原子束或超冷原子束的产生及其应用 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
综述了冷原子束或超冷原子束产生的基本原理、方法和实验结果及其最新进展.重点介绍了建立在激光冷却(多普勒、亚多普勒和亚反冲冷却机制)和磁光阱技术基础上的冷原子束或超冷原子束产生方案,并简单介绍了冷原子束或超冷原子束在基础物理问题研究和原子光学等领域中的应用. 相似文献
995.
Chen Hou Rongjun Qu Chunnuan Ji Chunhua Wang Chengguo Wang 《Polymer International》2006,55(3):326-329
The reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) technique using FeCl3/triphenyl‐phosphine (PPh3) complex as a catalyst was applied to the living radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN). A hexa‐substituted ethane thermal iniferter, diethyl 2,3‐dicyano‐2,3‐diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS), was first used as the initiator in this iron‐based RATRP initiation system. A FeCl3 to PPh3 ratio of 1:3 not only gives the best control of molecular weight and its distribution but also provides a rather rapid reaction rate. The rate of polymerization increases with increasing the polymerization temperature and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 54.9 kJ mol?1. Because the polymers obtained were end‐functionalized by chlorine atoms, they were used as macro‐initiators to proceed the chain extension polymerization in the presence of an FeCl2/PPh3 catalyst system via a conventional ATRP process. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
996.
997.
998.
A novel method to measure the temperature on the surface of micro-hotplate was presented. The tiny fiber probe and the optical power meter were employed to measure the sample radialization power. By means of comparing the relationship between the radialization power and the temperature, sample surface temperature can be discerned accurately. Such an approach has provided more accuracy than traditional temperature measurements. The experimental result based on this method is quite similar to that of simulation by the finite element analysis (FEA) software of Ansys in theory. This measurement is very useful for measuring temperature for these micro samples prone to be untouchable. 相似文献
999.
G. F. BASTIN P. J. T. L. OBERNDORFF H. J. M. HEIJLIGERS & J. M. DIJKSTRA 《Journal of microscopy》2006,224(1):52-57
A database of 416 wavelength‐ and energy‐dispersive EPMA measurements on tilted specimens of NiAl, TiO2 and Ti3Al is presented. The analyses were performed between 10 and 30 kV and the tilt angles were varied between 0° and 60° in seven steps. The necessary hardware modifications for the specimen holder are discussed, as well as the various focusing techniques used in the measurements. A comparison between the experimental data, the calculations of our proza 96t program and the results of Monte Carlo simulations shows that up to 50° tilt the predictions of our software are more than satisfactory. At larger tilt angles some deviations become noticeable. The Monte Carlo simulations appear to produce deviations at a somewhat earlier stage already, for reasons as yet unknown. 相似文献
1000.
The initiation mechanism of corrosion of zinc by sodium chloride particle deposition 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study details the mechanism of attack by sodium chloride particles on zinc. The dissolution and subsequent reaction of a single micro-particle of salt on zinc has shown explicitly the mechanism by which attack occurs. Following the initial formation of a hemispherical droplet when the particle wets in humid air, a secondary spreading effect occurs. The rate and potential associated with this spreading process has been measured using a Kelvin probe, and the chemistry of the compounds formed as a result of the corrosion mechanism have been determined using spectrographic techniques. 相似文献