海黍子和脆江蓠对重金属锌、镉富集的比较研究

采用室内培养实验方法,研究了褐藻海黍子(Sargassum muticum)和红藻脆江蓠(Gracilaria chouae)在不同质量浓度的锌和镉溶液里15 d,藻体的生长和体内金属离子含量的变化。结果表明:两种藻的生长速率与暴露溶液金属质量浓度呈负相关,藻体内积累金属离子的量和溶液的金属质量浓度呈正相关,藻体内金属离子的含量均在培养3 d后显著增加,且随着培养时间的延长而持续增加。海黍子和脆江蓠对重金属Zn~(2+)的富集能力明显高于对Cd~(2+)的富集能力,在相同条件下,海黍子对重金属Zn~(2+),Cd~(2+)的积累量明显高于脆江蓠。以上研究结果对利用藻类修复重金属污染的海洋水体能起到一定的指导和参考作用。     

表面活性剂在生物修复海洋油污染中的应用及发展

生物修复法是治理海洋油污染的主要途径。它通常采用投加表面活性剂,投加外源微生物以及投加氮磷营养源三种方式,其中投加表面活性剂在应用中存在较大分歧。本文从结构及其作用机理的角度重点探讨了表面活性剂尤其是生物表面活性剂在生物修复海洋油污染中的应用,指出生物表面活性剂的应用是未来主要发展方向,提出其应用方面存在的问题。     

多环芳烃生物恢复技术的研究进展

多环芳烃是一大类广泛存在于环境中的有机污染物，本文介绍了多环芳烃生物恢复的三种不同方法：就地耕作法，场外耕作法和塞流式污泥生物反应器，并对其研究现状和最新研究成果进行了归纳，总结和探讨。     

藻类对重金属污染水体的生物修复

重金属对水体的污染已成为全球性的环境问题, 利用藻类生物修复重金属污染水体, 因 其有效、低廉和环保引起了国内外的广泛重视, 并且取得了一定的成效。本文介绍了藻类修复重 金属废水的应用概况, 总结了多年来在藻类对重金属离子的吸收途径、耐受机理、生物吸附机制、 模型解释及影响因素等方面的研究成果, 同时指出了当前在这些方面尚存的不足, 并就今后继续 筛选、利用生物技术培育对重金属高耐受、高富集性藻类, 进一步探求修复机理以及野外应用方 面的研究。     

地下水有机污染治理技术现状及发展前景

概述了现有的几种地下水有机污染治理方法：抽出处理、注气－抽取土壤气、内在生物净化、流线控制、多技术结合法、生物治理、吸附、原位反应墙等工作原理和治理效果;简要分析了地下水有机污染治理技术存在的问题和发展前景。     

城市污染水体生物修复研究

应用人工复氧技术并投加生物制剂及底质改良剂等,对严重富营养化的湖泊水和黑臭河涌水进行了生物修复试验.模拟试验结果表明,在适度的人工复氧前提下,投加生物制剂及底质改良剂等,能够使两种水体的化学需氧量 (CODCr)、总氮 (TN)和总磷 (TP)等污染物的含量均降低 80%以上.用同样的方法进行现场试验,发现 CODCr、 TN和 TP等污染物含量的降幅也能达到 70%左右,相应水体的水质指标基本上达到"地表水环境质量标准" (GB 3838- 2002)地表Ⅴ类水标准,并发现投加的生物制剂及底质改良剂等微生物群体能够壮大污染环境中的土著微生物,对底泥中污染物的降解有一定的促进作用.     

Advances on bioremediation of off-contaminated soil in cold region

Petroleum pollution in the soil is a common problem in the world. The pollution may not only cause resource waste, but also may result in environment destruction, biology subsistence crisis and human health damage gradually. Biological techniques can be used to remove and transfer petroleum contaminants in the soil. Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil, which is cost-effective,safe and friendly to environment, is promising. Low temperatures and lack of available nutrients often limit the rate of microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils in cold region. Some scholars carried out bioremediation technology research on oily soil in cold area. Scientists attempted many measures to increase the temperature of the field. A multidisciplinary team of engineers, microbiologists and electricians has designed and installed a thermally （TIS） enhanced biopile in oil-contaminated soil in Prudhoe Bay, AK. Covered with a black plastic sheet, the pile can also improve temperature condition. Nutrient is another important factor affecting bioremediation. Because of the different constituents in the soil, the proportion of elements is different. To optimize nutrient amendments for the remediation of a long-term hydrocarbon-contaminated site at the Old Casey Station in Antarctica, results showed that the effects of nitrogen （and phosphorus） on microbial are evident. If the method of fertilizing inorganic nutrients is improper, salinity of the soil may be increased and the osmotic potential may be impacted. J.L.Walworth et al.     

珊瑚岛礁淡水透镜体的生物修复研究

运用半模理论,研制了高1.2 m、直径1.5 m的半圆柱体实验平台,对受到有机污染的珊瑚岛礁淡水透镜体进行原位曝气生物修复研究.研究了溶解氧(DiSSOlvecl 0xygen,DO)在地下水中的.分布规律及脱色和化学耗氧量(Chemical oxygen demanol,COD)的去除效果.结果表明:(1)径向上,在主流区半径R为0.2～0.5 m的范围内,D0的质量浓度随R的增大而增大.R0.5 m,DO的质量浓度随R的增大而降低.垂向上,DO的质量浓度随高度的增大而迅速增大.(2)地下水色度和COD均随曝气时间的增加而降低,色度为40度、COD为96 mg/L的原水,曝气18 d后,色度均不超过15度,曝气30 d后,色度不超过10度,COD为21～36 mg/L.以色度不超过15度作为修复的标准,修复区半径R达0.7 m,修复区高度H为0.9 m.(3)修复1 m3的上述原水和1.3 m3土壤所需的空气量约为211 m3.     

Dispersant Use and a Bioremediation Strategy as Alternate Means of Reducing Impacts of Large Oil Spills on Mangroves: The Gladstone Field Trials

Over a three-year period (1995–1998), we studied short-term effects of dispersant use and a bioremediation strategy in two consecutive field trials in sub-tropical Australian mangroves. In each case, weathered oil was applied, and a large spill simulated, in mature Rhizophora stylosa trees around 4–9 m tall. In the first trial, we used Gippsland light crude oil with or without dispersant, Corexit 9527. In the second, a bioremediation strategy followed application of Gippsland oil or Bunker C fuel oil. Bioremediation involved forced aeration with supplemental application of nutrients. Dispersant use had an overall positive benefit shown as reduced tree mortality. By contrast, there was no apparent reduction in mortality of trees with bioremediation. However, one year after oiling, leaf densities of surviving trees were greater in bioremediation plots than in controls, and less in oil-only plots. These and other results have been incorporated into spill response management strategies in Australia.     

反硝化增强去除乙醇对多孔介质渗透性的影响

随着乙醇混合汽油的不断推广应用,乙醇将成为地下水中与苯、甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯的同分异构体（BTEX）共存的一种新型污染物。通过4 个含水砂柱实验,研究了乙醇存在及其强化去除对含水介质渗透性能的影响。结果表明：在有限溶解氧与反硝化增强修复条件下,乙醇去除率达92% 以上;生物过程对介质渗透能力影响程度随乙醇初始浓度、消耗速率与补充频率而变化：乙醇初始浓度接近1 000 mg/L 和3 000 mg/L 时,乙醇消耗快,补充频率高,渗透系数下降总体上有连续性,最大下降幅度达一个数量级（×10-1 cm/s）;乙醇初始浓度达到5 000 mg/L 时,渗透性下降显著,可下降两个数量级,但乙酸的积累可影响生物活性,并使得渗透性变化出现反复;当不含乙醇时,汽油溶解组分对介质渗透性能的影响相对不明显。