基于G1-CRITIC-云物元法的风电集群有功控制策略综合评价

为全面衡量风电集群有功控制效果、合理筛选控制方法使其综合性能最优,提出基于G1-CRITIC-云物元法的风电集群有功控制策略综合评价方法。首先,从安全稳定性、经济性、利用水平3个方面构建评价指标体系;其次,基于G1-CRITIC法对指标进行权重分配;最后,引入云物元理论实现评价等级边界的模糊化并计算控制策略的综合等级隶属度,有效提升评价结果的合理性与准确性。案例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Light‐Activated,Multi‐Semiconductor Hybrid Microswimmers

Using a dynamic fabrication process, hybrid, photoactivated microswimmers made from two different semiconductors, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) are developed, where each material occupies a distinct portion of the multiconstituent particles. Structured light‐activated microswimmers made from only TiO₂ or Cu₂O are observed to be driven in hydrogen peroxide and water most vigorously under UV or blue light, respectively, whereas hybrid structures made from both of these materials exhibit wavelength‐dependent modes of motion due to the disparate responses of each photocatalyst. It is also found that the hybrid particles are activated in water alone, a behavior which is not observed in those made from a single semiconductor, and thus, the system may open up a new class of fuel‐free photoactive colloids that take advantage of semiconductor heterojunctions. The TiO₂/Cu₂O hybrid microswimmer presented here is but an example of a broader method for inducing different modes of motion in a single light‐activated particle, which is not limited to the specific geometries and materials presented in this study.     

An approach to quantify depth-resolved marine photochemical fluxes using remote sensing: Application to carbon monoxide (CO) photoproduction

This paper presents a model to calculate depth-resolved marine photochemical fluxes from remotely sensed ocean color and modeled solar irradiance. The basic approach uses three components: 1) below-sea-surface spectral downward scalar irradiance calculated from a radiative transfer model (STAR) and corrected for clouds using TOMS UV reflectivities; 2) surface-ocean spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients and absorption coefficients for chromophoric dissolved organic matter retrieved from SeaWiFS ocean color using the SeaUV/SeaUVc algorithms; and (3) spectral apparent quantum yield for the photochemical reaction considered. The output of the model is a photochemical rate profile, Ψ_PR(z), where z represents depth.We implemented the model for carbon monoxide (CO) photochemistry using an average apparent quantum yield spectrum and generated a monthly climatology of depth-resolved CO photoproduction rates in the global ocean. The climatology was used to compute global budgets and investigate the spatial and seasonal variabilities of CO photoproduction in the ocean. The model predicts a global CO photoproduction rate of about 41 TgC yr^− 1, in good agreement with other recent published estimates ranging from 30 to 84 TgC yr^− 1. The fate of photochemically derived CO and its role in global biogeochemical cycles remains uncertain however, with biological consumption and sea-air exchange competing for its removal in the surface ocean. Knowledge of the vertical distribution of CO photoproduction is critical in the quantification of the relative magnitudes of these sink mechanisms. The depth-resolution capabilities of this model, together with US Naval Research Laboratory climatology for mixed layer depths allowed further estimation that > 95% of the total water-column CO photoproduction occurs within the mixed layer on a global, yearly basis. Despite this compelling figure, the model also suggests significant spatio-temporal variability in the vertical distribution of CO photoproduction in the subtropical gyres, where up to 40% of water-column CO can be produced below the mixed layer during summertime.While the approach can be applied to other photochemical fluxes (e.g. DIC formation or DMS removal), accurate quantification of such processes with remote sensing will be limited until the mechanisms regulating observed oceanic variability in the apparent quantum yields are better understood. Minor modification to this model can also make it applicable for the determination of the effects of UV and visible solar radiation on sensitive biological systems.     

Effect of animation enhanced conceptual change texts on 6th grade students’ understanding of the particulate nature of matter and transformation during phase changes

In this study, the effect of animation enhanced conceptual change texts (CCT–CA) on grade 6 students’ understanding of the particulate nature of matter (PNM) and transformation during the phase changes was investigated. A quasi-experimental design and one control group (CG, N = 25) and one experimental group (EG, N = 26) were used. While the control group taught traditional instruction, the experimental group received CCT–CA instruction. Two different tests, The Particulate Nature of Matter Concept Test (ParNoMaC) and The Transformation of Matter Statement Test (ToMaSaT), were administered as pretest, posttest and delayed test to collect data. Results indicate that while there is no statistically significant difference between groups in pretest, performance of EG students is greater than the CG ones in posttest and delayed test. And also, the EG students are better in remediating their alternative conceptions related to the PNM and transformations during the phase changes. Based on the study, it is concluded that CCT–CA combination may be effective way to improve students’ understanding of basic science and chemical concepts.     

A proteome analysis of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human alcoholic patients

Alcoholic patients commonly experience cognitive decline. It is postulated that cognitive dysfunction is caused by an alcohol-induced region-selective brain damage, particularly to the prefrontal region, and grey and white matter may be affected differently. We used a proteomics-based approach to compare protein expression profiles of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 9 (BA9)) from human alcoholic and healthy control brains. Changes in the relative expression of 110 protein 'spots' were identified in the BA9 grey matter, of which 54 were identified as 44 different proteins. In our recent article, 60 protein spots were differentially expressed in the BA9 white matter and 18 of these were identified (Alexander-Kaufman, K., James, G., Sheedy, D., Harper, C., Matsumoto, I., Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11, 56-65). Additional BA9 white matter proteins are identified here and discussed in conjunction to our grey matter results. Thiamine-dependent enzymes transketolase and pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1β ubunit) were among the proteins identified. To our knowledge, this is the first time a disruption in thiamine-dependent enzymes has been demonstrated in the brains of 'neurologically uncomplicated' alcoholics. By identifying protein expression changes in prefrontal grey and white matter separately, hypotheses may draw upon more mechanistic explanations as to how alcoholism causes the structural alterations associated with alcohol-related brain damage and cognitive dysfunction.     

利用臭氧控制VOCs生物过滤塔生物量

生物过滤塔在挥发性有机物和恶臭气体处理方面具有良好的应用前景,但生物量过度累积是影响其运行稳定性的主要问题。为了探讨利用臭氧控制生物量过度累积的可行性,该研究系统考察了连续投加臭氧对于生物过滤塔甲苯去除性能、填料层压降及空隙率、生物量增长以及碳平衡的影响。研究结果表明,臭氧浓度为0～220mg/m3时,投加臭氧不会降低生物过滤塔的甲苯去除性能;臭氧浓度为100～220mg/m3时,投加臭氧可以显著控制生物量过度累积、优化填料层结构和控制压降快速升高。进一步研究表明,提高甲苯的矿化率是臭氧控制生物量快速累积的主要途径。     

水土保持在治理北京空气可吸入颗粒物PM2.5工作中的作用及思考

随着国家工业化、城镇化、现代化发展步伐的加快,统筹生态系统、经济系统和社会管理系统协调发展的任务更加艰巨,水土保持作为研究水、土两大生态基础资源,推进构建由水资源、土地资源和植被资源共同组成的区域或流域生态系统良性演进的学科,在落实科学发展的征程上作用将更大、任务将更艰巨、意义将更深远.通过分析空气中PM2.5的成因,指出了北京治理PM2.5面临的严峻挑战,提出了发挥水土保持作用治理PM2.5的微观、中观、宏观思路.     

沉积物有机质的形成温度对苯并[a]芘吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了不同燃烧温度形成的沉积物有机质对苯并[a]芘(BaP)的吸附解吸行为。结果表明,当燃烧温度从0℃升高到400℃时,吸附非线性指数n值从0.544降低到0.299。然而,沉积物有机质形成温度的升高增加了BaP的吸附能力和解吸滞后性。当燃烧温度升高到600℃时,样品中脂肪结构、极性结构和大部分芳香结构被燃烧掉,主要剩下矿物组分。因此,T600样品对BaP表现出高的n值、低吸附能力和吸附不可逆性。单一浓度下有机碳标化的吸附能力参数lgKoc值与芳香碳含量显著正相关(p<0.001),而与样品的H/C原子比显著负相关(p<0.001)。样品的芳香碳含量与BaP的解吸滞后指数(H)(p<0.01)和n值(p<0.000 1)均表现出很好的负相关关系。以上的结论说明,芳香碳在BaP的吸附非线性、吸附能力和解吸滞后性中起主要作用。     

有机质的地质热示踪意义及其成矿作用——以桂西北卡林型金矿为例

在卡林型金矿中有机质常与矿石共生,根据有机地球化学理论,可利用有机质示踪地质热事件。以桂西北卡林型金矿为例,研究有机质的基本类型及地球化学特征,探讨了桂西北地区卡林型金矿中有机质对地质热事件的示踪及其与金矿成矿的关系：①桂西北地区各矿区的有机质可划分为原生型干酪根和迁移型有机流体两种基本类型,其中,迁移型有机质主要为凝胶化有机质,主要是地层原生有机质在地质热事件的影响下由于热降解作用生成的有机流体的残余物,其形成、演化与成矿关系极为密切;②桂西北地区卡林型矿区地层中的有机质成熟作用由矿体向近矿围岩、再过渡到矿体外围,其氯仿沥青A含量及其A/C值由大逐渐变小,反映成矿过程中,成矿的地质热事件对于地层原生有机质影响所产生的热效应,从矿体到外围地层逐渐减弱;③地质热事件对于金矿区赋矿地层中有机质产生了明显的改造。