水溶性高聚物对淀粉粘合剂的稳定性和成膜性的促进作用

本文讨论了水溶性高聚物对淀粉粘合剂稳定性、成膜性的促进作用,并介绍以水溶性高聚物为添加剂的改性淀粉粘合剂的配制工艺。     

Starch and fibre distribution in maize silages in relation to particle size

In a first trial the particle size distribution of four maize silages was measured by two different sieving methods, dry and wet sieving. Particle size distribution was quantified by three values, mean particle size, extent of dispersion, and proportion of large particles. Wet sieving separated particles better than dry sieving and was more suitable for measuring maize silage particle size. In a second trial the particle size distribution of 10 maize hybrids grown in the same conditions was measured by wet sieving. Starch proportion in large particles varied widely between maize hybrids, from 39.7 to 82.4%, against a variation from 75.4 to 100% for cell wall proportion in the same class of particles, and these variations might be predicted by dry matter distribution. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

STARCH DEGRADATION IN ENDOSPERMS OF DEVELOPING BARLEY KERNELS*

Shortly after anthesis, empty endosperm cells adjacent to the embryo were crushed between the developing embryo and endosperm tissues to form the crushed cell layer. Starch granules in cells adjacent to this layer were hydrolysed and the empty cells were added to the crushed layer. In this way, the crushed layer increased in thickness throughout kernel development. α-Amylase 2 was detected in the crushed cell layer region of barley endosperms during the period that starch granule hydrolysis was occurring.     

Effects of raw potato starch and live weight on fat and plasma skatole,indole and androstenone levels measured by different methods in entire male pigs

A total of 96 entire male pigs were used to evaluate the effects of feeding raw potato starch (RPS) and live weight (LW; 90, 100 or 115 kg) on skatole, indole and androstenone levels in fat and plasma. Different methods to analyse the compounds were compared. Fat levels of skatole analysed by HPLC and colorimetric methods, and androstenone analysed by HPLC and ELISA, were highly correlated. However, androstenone values obtained by ELISA were overestimated. Feeding RPS reduced skatole levels in plasma and fat but did not affect indole levels. Androstenone levels in plasma measured by direct ELISA were not altered by diet, whereas the levels measured by ELISA with extraction were lower in the pigs fed RPS. Feeding RPS did not reduce androstenone levels in fat. Androstenone levels in fat were higher at 115 than at 90 kg, whereas skatole and indole levels were not affected by LW.     

Physicochemical Properties and Starch Granular Characteristics of Flour from Various Manihot Esculenta (Cassava) Genotypes

ABSTRACT: Flour and starch were produced from 11 cassava genotypes. Starch and total dietary fiber contents were determined using a single-enzyme gravimetric procedure and high-performance anion exchange chromatography, pasting profiles by rotary viscometry, water holding capacity gravimetrically, and granular characteristics by scanning electron microscopy. Starch and total dietary fiber contents varied among genotypes. Flour peak viscosities, setback, and final viscosities differed significantly. Flour water holding capacity correlated with flour peak viscosity (r = 0.7). Starch granules ranged from 9 to 20 μm. Predominant granule shapes were oval, rounded, and truncated. The results provide insights into cassava genotype characteristics, and functionality of cassava starch and flour.     

Cellulose Derivatives Effects on Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Sweet Potato Starch

Effects of physically or chemically modified celluloses on gelatinization and retrogradation of sweet potato starch were examined by Theological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. The mixture of sweet potato starch and four modified celluloses (powdered microcrystalline cellulose, alkaline soluble fibrous cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and methylcellulose) in the ratio of 9 to 1 was used as a model, because that ratio of starch to cellulose is about the same for sweet potato root. Cellulose derivatives generally did not show important effects on gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization. Cellulose derivatives which are not water-soluble increased starch retrogradation, while water-soluble methylcellulose unexpectedly prevented retrogradation.     

多酚与玉米淀粉相互作用研究

多酚能够与淀粉发生相互作用,从而对淀粉特性产生影响。研究了7种常见食源多酚(原花青素单聚体、儿茶素、咖啡酸、单宁酸、没食子酸、绿原酸和阿魏酸)与高直链和蜡质玉米淀粉的相互作用。粒径分析结果表明,7种多酚主要与直链淀粉发生显著相互作用,能使高直链玉米淀粉的粒径增大,但对蜡质玉米淀粉粒径则有不同影响,其中,咖啡酸和绿原酸能减小它的平均粒径;淀粉-碘结合力分析结果表明,7种多酚均减小了两种淀粉溶液的淀粉-碘结合力,其中咖啡酸和阿魏酸对高直链玉米淀粉影响最为显著,咖啡酸和绿原酸对蜡质玉米淀粉影响较显著;红外分析结果表明,7种多酚能与两种玉米淀粉通过非共价键发生相互作用,其中阿魏酸、咖啡酸和绿原酸与直链淀粉作用最强;X-射线衍射结果表明,除原花青素和单宁酸外,其他多酚均能与高直链玉米淀粉形成V型复合物,但能与蜡质玉米淀粉形成V型复合物的只有阿魏酸。总体来说,多酚可通过非共价作用与淀粉分子结合,形成分子间或者分子内复合物。     

微波条件下水分含量对淀粉醚化反应的影响

以木薯淀粉为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,自制碱性复合催化剂为醚化催化剂,采用微波法制备阳离子淀粉。研究探讨不同醚化剂用量、不同微波功率、不同微波时间条件下,反应体系水分含量对阳离子醚化反应效率的影响。结果表明,不同的醚化剂用量、不同的微波功率及不同的微波时间组合,获得最佳醚化反应效率所需的反应体系水分含量各有不同。醚化剂用量较高时,选用较高的体系水分含量以及较高的微波功率和较长的微波时间,可获得较高的醚化反应效率;醚化剂用量较低时,选用中等的体系水分含量以及中等的微波功率和较长的微波时间,可获得较高的醚化反应效率。     

鸡毛角蛋白/淀粉复合膜的制备及性能

以共混法制备了鸡毛角蛋白/淀粉复合膜,并对复合膜的力学性能进行了测试。研究表明:增塑剂(丙三醇)和淀粉的质量比可改变复合膜的力学性能。鸡毛角蛋白的加入可增加淀粉膜的抗张强度和断裂伸长率,当鸡毛角蛋白/淀粉的质量比为0.15时,复合膜的力学性能良好,吸水百分率小,抗水性较好,可适用于碱性物质的包装。不同pH条件下,鸡毛角蛋白/淀粉复合膜对罗丹明B具有不同的控制释放性能,因此有望作为一种新型的pH敏感的药物载体材料。     

Preparation of novel porous starch microsphere foam for loading and release of poorly water soluble drug

Background: Organic porous material is a promising carrier for enhancing the dissolution of poorly water soluble drug. The aim of the present study was to enhance dissolution and oral bioavailability of lovastatin (LV) by preparing a porous starch microsphere foam (PSM) using a novel method, meanwhile, looking into the mechanism of improving dissolution of LV.

Methods: PSM was prepared by the W/O emulsion – freeze thawing method. The porous structure of PSM was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. The adsorption role of nanopores on the drug dissolution and physical state of LV was systematically studied by instrumental analysis, and in vitro and in vivo drug dissolution studies. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate carrier cytotoxicity.

Results: The SEM images of PSM showed nanometer-sized pores. Physical state characterization indicated that porous structure effectively limited the degree of crystallinity of LV. The results of in vitro and in vivo tests testified that PSM accelerated the release of LV and enhanced its oral bioavailability in comparison with crude LV and commercial capsules. The loaded PSM powder indicated a good physical stability under storage for 12 months. MTT assay shows PSM has no toxicity for Caco-2 cell.

Conclusion: The preparation was a promising method to produce small and uniform PSM with markedly enhanced dissolution rate and oral bioavailability due to the spatial confinement effect of porous structure. The present work demonstrates the significant potential for the use of PSM as a novel delivery system for poorly water soluble drugs.