预吸水轻骨料对高强混凝土早期收缩的影响

基于等强度原则,设计了内养护水灰比分别为0、0.04、0.08和0.12的4组高强混凝土,研究了密封和干燥两种养护条件下,预吸水轻骨料的体积掺量对混凝土早龄期自由收缩、内部湿度及弹性模量的影响。结果表明：随着内养护水引入量的增大,28 d龄期内高强混凝土内部湿度下降和早期总收缩变形均得到明显缓解,且对密封养护混凝土的影响更明显;但混凝土的弹性模量随轻骨料掺量增大而下降,应用中应优化选择预吸水轻骨料的掺量。在干燥环境条件下,轻骨料预吸水内养护法并不能根除干燥收缩,内养护高强混凝土中可能存在较大的内部湿度梯度及近表面干燥现象。     

SIMULATION OF RF-ASSISTED CONVECTCVE DRYING FOR SEED QUALITY BROAD BEAN

Based on experimental data and analysis of the heat and mass transfer mechanism, a semi-empirical model for dielectrically-assisted convective drying of shrinkable and hygroscopic materials with internal resistance to mass flow has been derived and used to simulate radio-frequency drying of the seed quality broad bean (Vicia Faba)¹.     

Measurement of Shrinkage and Cracks Associated to Convective Drying of Soft Materials by X-ray Microtomography

Abstract

Traditionally, the measurement of shrinkage occurring during drying is performed by destructive or poorly accurate techniques such as volume displacement methods. Cracks detection and quantification are realised either by destructive techniques or sophisticated but expensive nondestructive ones (NMR imaging). X-ray microtomography in combination with image analysis provides an accurate, nondestructive and easy to use technique to determine simultaneously shrinkage and crack extent. Results reported in this article concern drying of wastewater sludges whose management will become a real challenge in the years to come. These results show a clear relation between drying kinetics and crack development. This could be related to the development of internal diffusional limitations inducing moisture gradients and mechanical stresses leading to cracks formation.     

DRYING MODEL WITH NON-ISOTROPIC SHRINKAGE DEFORMATION UNDERGOING SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

A model of simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in a cylindrical sample was coupled with the virtual work principle applicable to a body undergoing shrinkage deformation in two dimensions. Non-constant physical and thermal properties were also incorporated in the model. Governing equations and boundary conditions were solved numerically using Galerkin's finite element method. To check the mathematical model drying experiments were carried out. A cylindrical potato was used as a drying sample. Experimental conditions were as follows: a drying temperature of 333 K, relative humidity of 5.4%, and air velocity of 1.6 m/s. We obtained the central temperature of the sample, average moisture content, and the shrinkage change in the axial and radial directions during drying. It was observed that the shrinkage coefficients in the axial and the radial directions were significantly different during air-drying. Comparison between predicted and experimental results provides satisfactory agreement.     

DRYING OF SOLIDS

Solar drying of prunes arranged in thin layers in a multi-shelf type drier is simulated. The weather conditions are those found during harvest in humid pampa region (hot-temperate and humid climate). A mathematical model based on Luikov's theory of drying and including an equation that describes the material shrinkage is employed. The airstream humidification is taken into account in order to analyse the influences of shelves spacing and drier length in the final product characteristics. It is found that the relative moisture content heterogeneity is a useful design criterion. The influence of weather conditions in the drying time and the drying capacity are evaluated.     

Modeling and On-line Measurement of Drying Stress of Pinus massoniana Board

A drying stress model was established by considering that the total shrinkage of wood is the sum of free shrinkage, instantaneous strain, viscoelastic strain, and mechanosorptive strain. From the stress model, the stress can be calculated once the actual wood shrinkage and moisture content gradient are known. Based on this theory, on-line measurement of the drying stress has been realized by measuring the moisture content (MC) gradient between the surface and the core layers, and the actual shrinkage of the board for Pinus massoniana.

A sensor for measuring wood shrinkage was developed based on electric resistance and strain relationship in a selected element material within the sensor. A resistance type of MC sensor was used for the MC gradient measurement. These sensors are reliable and can meet the requirement of the measurements in practical drying. The technique reported in this article for detecting drying stress from the on-line measurements of board shrinkage and MC gradient can be applied to develop optimized drying schedule in commercial drying.     

On two-stage james-stein sstimators

In the context of minimum risk (point) estimation of the mean vector of a multivariate normal distribution, based on the James-Stein and an allied rule, a two stage procedure is considered, and the relative risk efficiency results are studied.     

Evaporation rate effect on starting point of shrinkage stress development during drying process in solvent cast polymer film

To reveal the effect of drying conditions on shrinkage stress existing between a film and a substrate, a polystyrene/toluene solution was coated on a glass substrate, and the volume fraction of toluene at the time when the stress starts to grow (?_S) was measured at various drying temperatures and evaporation rates. ?_S decreased with increase of drying temperature at a constant evaporation rate, while ?_S increased with increase of evaporation rate at a constant drying temperature. From these results, it was suggested that the dominant factors affecting the starting point of stress were both the chain mobility and the measurement time‐scale. Considering the two factors, the tendency of ?_S with the drying conditions is quite similar to that of the solvent content at glass transition point, and this fact indicates a strong correlation between the starting point of stress and the glass transition of coated solution. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Multi-methacrylated star-shaped,photocurable poly(methyl methacrylate) macromonomers via quasiliving ATRP with suppressed curing shrinkage

Novel, star-shaped multifunctional poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) macromonomers with well-defined average number of pendant methacrylate groups were synthesized by copolymerizing MMA with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) via quasiliving ATRP with a tetrafunctional initiator in methanol at 10 °C, followed by methacrylation of the hydroxyl groups of the HEMA units. The resulting tailor-made poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-methacryloylethyl methacrylate), P(MMA-co-MEMA), multifunctional macromonomers were used as cross-linking agents in photocuring of MMA, a solvent for its own polymer, and thus chemically homogeneous PMMA networks were formed in which the tetrafunctional initiator moiety provides inherent, additional branching points in the resulting cross-linked materials. This approach, even in the presence of relatively low amounts of macromonomers of ∼35–45%, provides sol-free products and up to ∼40% less polymerization shrinkage than that by curing of MMA with a conventional low molecular weight bifunctional methacrylate. These new, unique star-shaped PMMA macromonomers are potential cross-linkers in a variety of solvent-free applications where low curing shrinkage and high conversions are critical requirements, such as in several engineering materials, coatings, dental fillings and restorations, bone cements etc.     

新型纳米太阳电池研究进展

分析了基于不同纳米材料的新型太阳电池的基本概念,如基于纳米线的径向pn结太阳电池、染料敏化太阳电池、纳米量子点太阳电池,简述了它们的各自特点及近期的研究进展.预期了高效率、低成本的纳米太阳电池将会对未来光伏产业发展产生的重要影响.