Modelling of the extraction equilibrium of zinc from chloride solutions with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide

The extraction of zinc from chloride solutions with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) dissolved in benzene has been thermodynamically studied based on the law of mass action. A model employing the simplified Pitzer equations for stoichiometric activity coefficient estimations is found to be effective for the explanation and prediction of the distribution data, and the thermodynamic extraction constant is determined as log K_et = 5.16 ± 0.11 at 20°C.     

α-Fe_2O_3(SO_4~(2-),Sn)气敏电阻的温度响应特性

在气敏温度区域内研究了α-Fe_2O_3(SO_4~(2-),Sn)材料的电阻-温度特性,认为表面结构的变化导致温度特性出现峰值并呈现气敏性。可利用空气中电阻温度特性提供的信息改性或发现新的气敏材料。     

Effect of fermentation on ionizable iron in cereal-pulse combinations

The average diet in most developing countries is predominantly cereal based. Wheat, rice and millets are major staple foods. Although these diets are sufficient in iron, their low bioavailability is one of the most significant factors for iron deficiency anaemia. Traditional techniques like fermentation show promise in improving iron bioavailability. In vitro ionizable iron was estimated in 31 different combinations of rice, wheat, sorghum, black gram, bengal gram, green gram and coriander in five replicates with or without, fermentation in steamed products. Results indicate that in general cereal pulse combination and fermentation significantly ( P <0.05) increase the per cent ape of ionizable iron. Combination effects dominated in rice whilst fermentation dominated in sorghum. There was a significant reduction ( P <0.05) in phytate phosphorus on fermentation but no loss of tannin.     

Flow of solutions of hydroxypropyl guar-poly(ethylene oxide) mixtures through a porous medium

Summary In flow through porous media, solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) exhibit extension thickening, whereas hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) solutions are shear-thinning at high concentrations. The results show that the extension-thickening exhibited by PEO solutions becomes less critical with increasing flow rate as the concentration of HPG in the solution is increased. At high concentrations of HPG, the presence of PEO inhibits the shear-thinning behaviour, without increasing the apparent viscosity of the solution. The presence of HPG reduces the rate and extent of degradation of PEO in the flowing solution.     

A double-layer current conduction model for high-κ gate dielectric materials with interfacial oxide or silicate layer

The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures with hafnium oxide as the gate dielectric film were studied. Sharp shifts from a low-voltage ohmic regime to a tunneling conduction were observed in the high-voltage range. The paper demonstrates that this behavior can be described very well with a double-layer dielectric model. Excellent fittings of the experimental curves were obtained and the related key structural and physical parameters were obtained. The model fitting further suggests the optimal annealing conditions for preparing the hafnium oxide films.     

Phase Composition of Oxide Scales during Reheating in Hot Rolling of Low Carbon Steel

Low carbon steel was oxidized over the temperature range 1000‐1250°C in O₂‐CO₂‐H₂O‐N₂, O₂‐H₂O‐N₂, and O₂‐CO₂‐N₂ gas mixtures. Oxidation times were 12‐120 min. and the scales were 50‐2000 μm thick. The variations of these parameters were chosen to elucidate the phase composition of oxide scales under conditions similar to those of reheating furnaces in hot strip mills, using either thin slab casting or conventional casting and rolling technology. Two types of scales have been observed which are influenced by the furnace atmosphere, oxidation time, and temperature. The first type is a crystalline scale with an irregular outer surface, composed mostly of wustite (FeO), and a negligible amount of magnetite (Fe₃O₄). The second type is the classical three‐layer scale, composed of wustite (FeO), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), and hematite (Fe₂O₃). In general, the experiments showed that an increase in oxidation time decreased the percentage of wustite while the percentages of magnetite and hematite increased. A rise in oxygen concentration in the gas mixture increased the percentages of magnetite and hematite, confirming earlier experimental findings. In water vapour‐free atmospheres O₂‐CO₂‐N₂, the oxide scales had a low percentage of wustite, and high percentage of magnetite and hematite. Carbon dioxide showed a small influence at 1100°C, and a negligible one at 1250°C.     

Effect of temperature on methyl radical generation over Sr/La2O3 catalysts

The role of gas phase CH₃ radicals in the oxidative coupling of CH₄ over 1 wt% Sr/La₂O₃ is supported by the observations that (i) this is a very effective catalyst for the generation of CH₃ · radicals and (ii) the concentration of CH₃ · radicals increases with temperature over the range of 450 °C–800 °C.     

Photodegradation mechanism and stabilization of polyphenylene oxide and rigid‐rod polymers

Poly(2,4‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(benzo[1,2‐d:5,4‐d′]bisoxazole‐2,6‐diyl‐1,4‐phenylene) (PBO) and poly(benzo[1,2‐d:4,5‐d′]bisthiazole‐2,6‐diyl‐1,4‐phenylene) (PBZT), which are polymers with extended conjugated structures, undergo a self‐sensitized photo‐induced electron‐transfer reaction. A second component is not required. This article presents many similar observations on these polymers when they are exposed to light and evidence to support the proposed photo‐induced electron‐transfer mechanism. Methods to stabilize these polymers against photo‐oxidation are also described. Workers investigating other conjugated polymeric systems may find the experimental methods, observations and polymer stabilization approaches discussed in this review useful. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry