The acquisition of new skills over a life span is a remarkable human ability. This ability, however, is constrained by age of acquisition (AoA); that is, the age at which learning occurs significantly affects the outcome. This is most clearly reflected in domains such as language, music, and athletics. This article provides a perspective on the neural and computational mechanisms underlying AoA in language acquisition. The authors show how AoA modulates both monolingual lexical processing and bilingual language acquisition. They consider the conditions under which syntactic processing and semantic processing may be differentially sensitive to AoA effects in second-language acquisition. The authors conclude that AoA effects are pervasive and that the neural and computational mechanisms underlying learning and sensorimotor integration provide a general account of these effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are listed as carcinogenic and mutagenic priority pollutants, belonging to the environmental endocrine disrupters. Most PAHs in the environment stem from the atmospheric deposition and diesel emission. Consequently, the elimination of PAHs in the off-gases is one of the priority and emerging challenges. Catalytic oxidation has been widely used in the destruction of organic compounds due to its high efficiency (or conversion of reactants), its economic benefits and good applicability.
This study investigates the application of the catalytic oxidation using Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalysts to decompose PAHs and taking naphthalene (the simplest and least toxic PAH) as a target compound. It studies the relationships between conversion, operating parameters and relevant factors such as treatment temperatures, catalyst sizes and space velocities. Also, a related reaction kinetic expression is proposed to provide a simplified expression of the relevant kinetic parameters.
The results indicate that the Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst used accelerates the reaction rate of the decomposition of naphthalene and decreases the reaction temperature. A high conversion (over 95%) can be achieved at a moderate reaction temperature of 480 K and space velocity below 35,000 h−1. Non-catalytic (thermal) oxidation achieves the same conversion at a temperature beyond 1000 K. The results also indicate that Rideal–Eley mechanism and Arrhenius equation can be reasonably applied to describe the data by using the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic equation with activation energy of 149.97 kJ/mol and frequency factor equal to 3.26 × 1017 s−1. 相似文献
Isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) have recently received a lot of focus and attention from the researchers in electronics industry as a potential substitute to lead-bearing solders. Numerous studies have shown that ICAs possess many advantages over conventional soldering such as environmental friendliness, finer pitch printing, lower temperature processing and more flexible and simpler processing. However, complete replacement of soldering by ICAs is yet not possible owing to several limitations of ICAs which are mainly related to reliability aspects like limited impact resistance, unstable contact resistance, low adhesion and conductivity etc. Continued efforts for last 15 years have resulted in development of ICAs with improved properties. This review article is aimed at providing a better understanding of ICAs, their principles, performance and significant research and development work addressing the technological utility of ICAs. 相似文献
This study demonstrates that state observers can be developed and applied to infer the composition profiles of reactive distillation columns from noise-contaminated temperature measurements. The design and implementation of a Kalman filter (KF) and a Luenberger observer (LO) are carried out, and their performances are quantitatively assessed. The reliability, accuracy, and robustness of the two designs method are examined and compared quantitatively. The design and implementation of a Luenberger observer are simpler and easier to carry out than those of a Kalman filter. On the other hand, a Kalman filter is found to be more robust to a noisy measurements, erroneous initial estimates, and model uncertainties. A Luenberger observer could be used for composition estimation of reactive distillation when an ideal model of the system can reasonably approximate the real system; otherwise, a Kalman filter is recommended to be applied in more practical situations. 相似文献
We propose a general modeling framework to evaluate the performance of cache consistency algorithms. In addition to the usual hit rate, we introduce the hit* rate as a consistency measure, which captures the fraction of non-stale downloads from the cache. We apply these ideas to the analysis of the fixed TTL consistency algorithm in the presence of network delays. The hit and hit* rates are evaluated when requests and updates are modeled by renewal processes. Classical results on the renewal function lead to various bounds. 相似文献
Application-level performance is a key to the adoption and success of the CDMA 2000. To predict this performance in advance,
a detailed end-to-end simulation model of a CDMA network is built to include application traffic characteristics, network
architecture, network element details using the proposed simulation methodology. We assess the user-perceived application
performance when a RAN and a CN adopt different transport architectures such as ATM and IP. To evaluate the user-perceived
quality of voice service, we compare the end-to-end packet delay for different vocoder schemes such as G.711, G.726 (PCM),
G.726 (ADPCM), and vocoder bypass scheme. By the simulation results, the vocoder bypass scenario shows 30% performance improvement
over the others. We also compare the quality of voice service with and without DPS scheduling scheme. We know that DPS scheme
keep the voice delay bound even if the service traffic is high. For data packet performance, HTTP v.1.1 shows better performance
than that of HTTP v.1.0 due to the pipelining and TCP persistent connection. We may conclude that IP transport technology
is better solution for higher FER environment since the packet overhead of IP is smaller than that of ATM for web browsing
data traffic, while it shows opposite effect to the small size voice packet in RAN architecture. We show that the 3G-1X EV-DO
system gives much better packet delay performance than 3G-1X RTT. The main conclusion is that end-to-end application-level
performance is affected by various elements and layers of the network and thus it must be considered in all phases of the
development process.
Jae-Hyun Kim He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees, all in computer science and engineering, from Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea,
in 1991, 1993, and 1996 respectively. In 1996, he was with the Communication Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan, as a Visiting
Scholar. From April 1997 to October 1998, he was a post-doctoral fellow at the department of electrical engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles. From November 1998 to February 2003, he worked as a member of technical staff in Performance Modeling
and QoS management department, Bell laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Holmdel, NJ. He has been with the department of electrical
engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, as an assistant professor since 2003. His research interests include QoS issues
and cross layer optimization for high-speed wireless communication. Dr. Kim was the recipient of the LGIC Thesis Prize and
Samsung Human-Tech Thesis Prize in 1993 and 1997, respectively. He is a member of the Korean Institute of Communication Sciences
(KICS), Korea Institute of Telematics and Electronis (KITE), Korea Information Science Society (KISS), and IEEE.
Hyun-Jin Lee received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, in 2004, and is working toward the
M.S. degree and Ph. D. degree in electrical engineering at Ajou University. He has been awarded Samsung Human-Tech Thesis
Prize in 2004. His research interests QoS, especially network optimization and wireless packet scheduling. He is a member
of the KICS.
Sung-Min Oh received the B.S. and M. S. degrees in electrical engineering form Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, in 2004, and is working
toward the Ph. D. degree in electrical engineering at Ajou University. His research interests QoS performance analysis and
4G network. He is a member of the KICS.
Sung-Hyun Cho received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in computer science and engineering from Hanyang University, Korea, in 1995, 1997, and
2001, respectively. From 2001 to 2005, he has been with Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, where he has been engaged
in the design and standardization of MAC and upper layers of B3G, IEEE 802.16e, and WiBro systems. He is currently a MAC part
leader in the telecommunication R&D center of Samsung Electronics. His research interests include 4G air interface design,
radio resource management, cross layer design, and handoff in wireless systems. 相似文献