气提式三重循环生物膜反应器用于制药废水的处理

采用气提式三重循环生物膜反应器（TLABR）处理制药废水，稳定阶段对COD和NH4^＋-N的去除率分别为73％和70％。当温度为27～30℃、pH=8．5时，反应器内形成了稳定的NO2^--N积累。同时，考察了不同HRT下高效反应器的处理效果，探讨了pH对反应器内发生的短程硝化效果的影响以及亚硝化菌对游离氨浓度的适应性。结果表明：在HRT为3、6、9h下，对COD和氨氮的去除率分别为65．3％、73．9％、75．1％和48．9％、68．4％、72．8％；NO2^--N积累率分别为92．7％、76．2％、69．7％；反应器出水水质稳定，体现了高效性和抗冲击负荷能力。     

前置反硝化生物滤池的启动研究

以污水处理厂的二级出水为进水,对回流比为50%的前置反硝化生物滤池采用自然挂膜法以设计流速进行挂膜启动,考察了启动期间各指标的变化规律及成功挂膜所需的时间。研究发现,当回流比为50%、采用自然挂膜法以设计流速运行时,曝气生物滤池(BAF)需35 d能成功挂膜,反硝化生物滤池在投加甲醇后经过7 d可挂膜成功。两级生物滤池启动的关键是曝气生物滤池能否成功挂膜。启动成功后,污水厂的二级出水经反硝化生物滤池/BAF工艺处理后出水总氮能够稳定在5 mg/L以下,TOC在12 mg/L以下,COD在35 mg/L左右。     

藻类膜对城市污水净化能力的研究

在反应器中装满填料并接种藻类，经培养驯化后处理生活污水，对营养物质氮、磷有良好的处理效果．静态试验结果显示在3d内氨氮的平均处理效率达到89．2％，正磷酸盐的平均处理效率在达到71．3％；连续18d的动态试验结果表明在水力停留时间3d的条件下氨氮的平均处理效率达到85．9％，正磷酸盐的平均处理效率在达到63．0％．填料上生长的藻类膜优势藻种有鞘丝藻、颤藻、链丝藻和少量小球藻及栅藻．实验证明，藻类生物膜可以用于以除磷脱氮为目的的深度处理．     

Effect of backwashing on perchlorate removal in fixed bed biofilm reactors

The influence of backwashing on biological perchlorate reduction was evaluated in two laboratory scale fixed bed biofilm reactors using 1- or 3-mm glass beads as support media. Influent perchlorate concentrations were 50 microg/L and acetate was added as the electron donor at a concentration of 2 mg C/L. Perchlorate removal was evaluated at various influent dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. Complete perchlorate removal was achieved with an influent DO concentration of 1mg/L resulting in bulk phase DO concentrations below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/L. The influence of increasing influent DO concentrations for 12 h periods was evaluated before and after individual backwash events. Partial perchlorate removal was achieved with an influent DO concentration of 3.5 mg/L before a strong backwash (bulk phase DO concentrations of approximately 0.2mg/L), while no perchlorate removal was observed after the strong backwash at the same influent DO level (bulk phase DO concentrations of approximately 0.8 mg/L). The immediate effect of backwashing depended on influent DO concentrations. With influent DO concentrations of 1 mg/L, strong backwashing resulted in a brief (<12 h) increase of effluent perchlorate concentrations up to 20 microg/L; more pronounced effects were observed with influent DO concentrations of 3mg/L. Daily weak backwashing had a small and, over time, decreasing negative influence on perchlorate reduction, while daily strong backwashing ultimately resulted in the breakdown of perchlorate removal with influent DO concentrations of 3 mg/L.     

生物滴滤法处理油烟有机污染物

烹调油烟造成的环境污染,尤其致癌性已引起普遍关注,但我国目前还没有有效的处理方法.以污水处理厂活性污泥为菌种,在生物滴滤塔内接种挂膜,用油烟气进行驯化,模拟应用生物滴滤塔对烹调油烟进行处理.结果表明:应用该方法形成的生物膜,对油烟废气有很好的去除效果.整个实验系统对油烟气的总去除效率可达91%以上,部分高碳烷烃和芳香烃都得到了一定的去除,低碳烷烃大部分为微生物彻底分解,在净化气体中未检出.     

宏基因组测序法研究管材对生物膜致病菌的影响

为研究供水管道材料对管道生物膜致病菌种的影响,以已稳定运行8年的中国东部某城市实际供水管道中试平台管道为实验对象,从平行设置的球墨铸铁管(DCIP)、高密度聚乙烯管(HDPE)、镀锌钢管(GSP)、不锈钢复合管(SSCP)和钢管(SP)管道中收集13组生物膜样品,开展宏基因组测序分析,对比研究不同管道材料的致病菌种类分布情况。结果表明:DCIP生物膜中致病菌相对含量最为丰富,GSP致病菌相对含量最少;此外,世界卫生组织颁布的12种全球优先致病菌(priority pathogens)在本次供水管道中发现9种,在不同管道的相对丰度为0.079%～1.084%,表明供水管道生物膜对人类和环境的严重危害潜力;依据致病菌在5种管材中相对丰度的分布情况,发现与5种管材相关联的优势致病菌。研究结果为基于致病风险控制的供水管道管材选择提供了理论依据。     

Inhibitory Activity of Paenibacillus polymyxa on the Biofilm Formation of Cronobacter spp. on Stainless Steel Surfaces

The objective of this study was to control the survival or biofilm formation of Cronobacter spp. on stainless steel surfaces using Paenibacillus polymyxa. The antibacterial activity of a cell‐free culture supernatant (CFCS) of P. polymyxa against Cronobacter spp. was found to vary with P. polymyxa incubation time. Maximum activity occurred when P. polymyxa was incubated at 25 or 30 °C for 96 h. When the CFCS was introduced to Cronobacter spp. adhered to stainless steel strips at 25 °C for up to 72 h, the CFCS successfully inhibited Cronobacter biofilm formation. Additionally, stainless steel surfaces with a preformed P. polymyxa biofilm were exposed to Cronobacter spp. suspensions in PBS or 0.1% peptone water at 3, 5, or 7 log CFU/mL to facilitate its attachment. The Cronobacter population significantly decreased on this surface, regardless of inoculum level or carrier, when the P. polymyxa biofilm was present. However, the microbial population decreased within 6 h and remained unchanged thereafter when the surface was immersed in an inoculum suspended in 0.1% peptone water at 5 or 7 log CFU/mL. These results indicate that P. polymyxa is able to use a promising candidate competitive‐exclusion microorganism to control Cronobacter spp.     

Electrochemical sensors for biofilm and biocorrosion

The presence of biofilm modifies the electrochemical properties of the interface and the mass transport near the interface. Two biofilm effects are damageable: the reduction of heat and/or mass transfer and the biocorrosion or microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Two kinds of electrochemical sensors were developed: the first kind for the biofilm detection and the second one to evaluate the MIC risk. The biofilm detection is obtained by considering either the potential modification of the interface or the mass transport modification. The mass transport modification is analysed by considering the limiting diffusion current measured on a gold electrode where the biofilm development occurs. The MIC risk is evaluated with a sensor composed of two concentric electrodes in the material under investigation (e.g. carbon steel): a small disk electrode in the centre and a large ring. In a first step, a pit is artificially initiated by applying a current through these electrodes. In a second step, the risk factors of MIC are investigated by analysing the free coupling current circulating between these two short‐circuited electrodes.     

表面处理对炭纤维挂膜性能的影响研究

以SEM,XPS等为手段研究了炭纤维经不同表面处理后表面形貌、表面官能团及其亲水性的变化情况,对比分析了经不同表面处理的炭纤维对固着在污水中的微生物膜的影响.得出以下结论:①在污水生物膜处理工艺中以高强型炭纤维作为载体是可行的;②提高炭纤维的表面亲水性有利于增加微生物的挂膜量;③对炭纤维表面结构影响小的处理方法不会破坏炭纤维的生物相容性,因此挂膜效果相对较好.