Biodiesel production from Stichococcus strains at laboratory scale

BACKGROUND: This paper reports the results of an experimental campaign of autotrophic cultures of Stichococcus strains aiming at selecting the most promising strain for biofuel production. The strain selected—S. bacillaris 158/11—was cultivated in 1 L lab‐scale bubble column photobioreactors under fed‐batch and semi‐continuous conditions. A Bold basal medium supplemented with NaNO₃ as nitrogen source was adopted. Tests were carried out at 23 °C, 140 µE m^?2 s^?1, and air flow rate ranging between 0.4 and 4 vvm. Cultures were characterized in terms of pH, concentration of total nitrogen, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, biomass, lipid fraction and methyl‐ester distribution of transesterified lipids. RESULTS: S. bacillaris 158/11 proved to be the best strain to produce biodiesel. Methyl‐ester distribution was characterized by a large fraction of methyl palmitate, methyl linolenate, methyl linoleate, and methyl oleate along with phytol. The process photosynthetic efficiency—fraction of available light stored as chemical energy ‐ was about 1.5%. Specific biomass productivity was ～60 mg_DM L^?1 day^?1 under the semi‐continuous conditions tested. Total lipid productivity was 14 mg L^?1 day^?1 at a dilution rate of 0.050 L day^?1. CONCLUSION: S. bacillaris 158/11 is a potential strain for massive microalgae cultures for biofuel production. Higher biomass/total‐lipid productivity could be obtained in sunlight. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application of a two‐stage temperature control strategy to enhance 1,3‐propanediol productivity by Clostridium butyricum

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present work was to enhance 1,3‐propanediol productivity during the batch cultivation on a type of raw glycerol by application of a two‐stage temperature control strategy. RESULTS: First, the effect of the raw glycerol on microbial growth and 1,3‐propanediol production was investigated. The highest 1,3‐propanediol productivity, 1.93 g L^?1 h^?1, was achieved when the initial raw glycerol concentration was 6% (v/v). Second, the effect of temperature on microbial growth and 1,3‐propanediol production was investigated and kinetic analysis was carried out. The results indicated that 37 °C favored microbial growth while 35 °C was best for 1,3‐propanediol production. Finally, a two‐stage temperature control strategy was applied in 1,3‐propanediol production. The incubation temperature was kept at 37 °C from inoculation to 2 h and then switched to 35 °C. Compared with batch cultivations at 35 and 37 °C, the fermentation time was shortened from 10 to 9.2 h, resulting in an increase in 1,3‐propanediol productivity of around 11%. CONCLUSION: 1,3‐propanediol productivity was enhanced effectively by application of a two‐stage temperature control strategy. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Zn/Al复合氧化物催化剂用于菜籽油甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油

固体催化剂用于酯交换反应制备生物柴油具有易分离、流程简单的优点,制备了Zn/Al水滑石,以其为前驱体经煅烧制得了Zn/Al复合氧化物酯交换催化剂。用XRD、TG/DTA、XPS、AAS、BET等技术对催化剂结构进行了表征。结果表明,大的比表面积、均匀的孔结构和活性组份ZnO的良好的分散状态可以提高Zn/Al复合氧化物催化剂的反应活性。经400℃煅烧8 h制得的Zn/Al复合氧化物催化剂,在200℃、3.3 MPa、油/醇质量比为7∶10、1.4(wt)%催化剂用量的条件下,在3 min内油脂转化率达到89.1%。     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的试验研究

生物柴油是一种清洁、可再生的代用燃料.在一台四缸增压直喷式柴油机上进行生物柴油与0#柴油的性能对比试验.在不同转速和负荷下测定生物柴油与0#柴油的动力性、经济性和排放特性.试验结果表明:与燃用0#柴油相比,燃用生物柴油时发动机的动力性提高,有效能耗率降低,HC和碳烟排放大幅度下降,NOX排放增加,CO排放在中低转速时有所增大.     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的试验研究

生物柴油是一种清洁、可再生的代用燃料．在一台四缸增压直喷式柴油机上进行生物柴油与0。柴油的性能对比试验．在不同转速和负荷下测定生物柴油与0^#柴油的动力性、经济性和排放特性．试验结果表明：与燃用0^#柴油相比，燃用生物柴油时发动机的动力性提高，有效能耗率降低，HC和碳烟排放大幅度下降，NOx排放增加，CO排放在中低转速时有所增大．     

微生物柴油的研究

微生物油脂主要是微生物利用碳水化合物合成的甘油酯，其脂肪酸组成和植物油相近，有的还含有较丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸，具有广阔的开发应用前景。介绍了从微生物油脂中分离纯化具有功能性的多不饱和脂肪酸的方法，继而阐述了以微生物油脂为原料，甲醇作酯交换剂，在催化剂的作用下制备生物柴油的方法和技术。同时对微生物柴油的可行性进行了分析。     

橡胶籽生物柴油在柴油炊事装备上的应用研究

将橡胶籽生物柴油应用在电控立式柴油燃烧器、炊事挂车、自行炊事车、野战给养器材单元等装备上，并与常规矿物柴油进行对比试验。结果表明，橡胶籽生物柴油在着火性、火焰状态、燃烧稳定性、火焰温度等方面与原使用矿物柴油性能相当，但在烟气排放中，CO排放量显著低于矿物柴油，同时橡胶籽生物柴油燃烧效率较矿物柴油高，相应排放烟气温度低，燃油消耗量低。因此，在不改变炊事装备结构的情况下，用橡胶籽生物柴油完全可以替代常规矿物柴油，且使用橡胶籽生物柴油更有利于环保和节能。     

均相催化废餐饮油制备生物柴油工艺研究

考察了用浓H2SO4及NaOH催化废餐饮油和甲醇反应制备生物柴油的反应条件.结果表明,用NaOH作催化剂的2步酯交换法制备生物柴油时,预处理过程的最佳条件为:醇油质量比为0.4,催化剂H2SO4用量占原料油的质量分数为2.0%,反应时间为0.5 h,反应温度为65℃.主反应的最佳条件为:醇油质量比为0.25,催化剂用量为0.8%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为1 h.在上述工艺条件下,产品生物柴油的收率可达95%,其各项性能实测值均达到欧洲生物柴油的标准要求.     

甲醇-大豆油二组分物系临界参数的计算及其应用

对甲醇-大豆油二组分物系的临界参数采用 Lyderson 基团贡献法和 Prausnitz 混合规则进行计算,计算临界温度的平均误差为2%结合甲醇-大豆油二组分物系临界参数的计算结果,对由甲醇和大豆油制生物柴油的管式反应器中的流体相态进行了分析。管式反应器沿轴向依次分为扩散区、互溶区和分相区;反应温度影响甲醇和大豆油混合状况和相态的轴向分布,进而影响生物柴油收率;反应压力影响物系的密度和油脂在甲醇中的溶解度,从而影响相态的轴向分布和生物柴油收率;利用管式反应器制生物柴油较适宜的操作条件在物系的临界点附近。     

Porcine pancreatic lipase immobilized on polysiloxane–polyvinyl alcohol hybrid matrix: catalytic properties and feasibility to mediate synthesis of surfactants and biodiesel

Polysiloxane–polyvinyl alcohol hybrid matrix was prepared by a sol–gel technique and its capacity to bind porcine pancreatic lipase investigated. The loading of 250 units g^?1 support was shown to be effective, resulting in an immobilized lipase with high catalytic activity. Both free and immobilized lipases were characterized by determining the activity profile as a function of pH, temperature, substrate concentration and thermal stability. Application of the immobilized lipase in non‐conventional biocatalysis for the synthesis of surfactants and biodiesel was also analyzed. Production of sugar fatty acid esters was found to be dependent on the carbohydrate and the highest molar conversion (50% in 3–4 h of reaction) was achieved for substrates containing fructose and lauric or oleic acids. Biodiesel synthesis from babassu oil and ethanol, propanol or butanol was feasible and regardless of the kind of alcohols, results revealed that the immobilized PPL could efficiently convert triglycerides to fatty acid alkyl esters attaining yields varying from 75 to 95%. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry