Interfacial activity of narrow-range alcohol oxyethylates

Surface and interfacial tension isotherms for narrow-range distribution ALFOL 1214 alcohol oxyethylates were determined and compared with those obtained for broad-range alcohol oxyethylates. Various adsorption parameters were estimated. The effectiveness of surface tension reduction decreases when the length of polyoxyethylene hydrophile increases. Micellization is observed at log cmc ranging from −4.7 to −3.3. Effects of the length and distribution of the polyoxyethylene chain on cmc are very small. A minimum of A _min/N _av ^0.5 is obtained for N _av=8, where A _min and N _av denote the minimum interfacial area occupied by a statistical molecule at the saturated interface and the average degree of oxyethylation, respectively. The interface becomes saturated at pC ₂₀=−5.61±0.35, where pC ₂₀ denotes the logarithm of concentration required to obtain the surface pressure equal to 20 mNm⁻¹. The highest and lowest values of the surface excess at saturation and the free energy of adsorption, respectively, are obtained for an average degree of oxyethylation equal to 8. Parameters are correlated with the average degree of oxyethylation and the oxyethylene chain distribution parameter according to empirical second-order polynomials. Small differences in adsorption abilities at the water/air interface are only observed for narrow- and broad-range distributed oxyethylates. The differences become important for adsorption at the hexadecane/water interface. The lowest values of interfacial tension are obtained for narrow-range oxyethylates with N _av=7 and 8. The Krefeld fabric detergency tests indicated that the best detergency was observed for alcohol oxyethylates with N _av=5–7. Narrow-range oxyethylates exhibit somewhat better washing abilities than the broad-range products. No relationship between detergency of alcohol oxyethylates and their abilities to adsorb at the water/air and water/hydrocarbon interfaces is observed.     

K/Ni/β-Mo2C: A highly active and selective catalyst for higher alcohols synthesis from CO hydrogenation

Nickel and potassium promoted β-Mo₂C catalysts were prepared for CO hydrogenation to higher alcohols synthesis. The results revealed that β-Mo₂C produced mainly hydrocarbons, but the addition of potassium resulted in a remarkable selectivity shift from hydrocarbons to alcohols over β-Mo₂C. Moreover, it was found that potassium enhanced the ability of chain propagation of β-Mo₂C catalyst and led to a higher selectivity to C₂⁺OH. The addition of nickel further enhanced higher alcohols synthesis, which showed the optimum at 1/8–1/6 of Ni/Mo molar ratios. The characterization suggested that there might be a synergistic effect of potassium and nickel on β-Mo₂C, which favored the alcohols synthesis. The production of alcohols appeared to be relevant to the presence of Mo⁴⁺ species, whereas the formation of hydrocarbons was closely associated with Mo²⁺ and/or Mo⁰ species on the surface of β-Mo₂C-based catalysts.     

Oxidation of alcohols with tert-butylhydroperoxide catalyzed by Mn (II) complexes immobilized in the pore channels of mesoporous hexagonal molecular sieves (HMS)

The oxidation of alcohols with tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), in the presence of Mn²⁺ complexes immobilized in the pore channels of mesoporous hexagonal molecular sieves (HMS), were investigated. It was found that immobilized [Mn(bpy)₂]²⁺/HMS is an efficient catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, n-hexanol and cyclohexanol. The effects of reaction time, amount of Mn²⁺ in the catalyst, type of substrates and oxidants in this catalysis system were investigated. At optimum conditions, TBHP is more efficient oxidant with respect to H₂O₂. Following order has been observed for the percentage of conversions of alcohols: benzylic >1° >2°.     

Allergic and toxic reactions caused by cream bases in dermatological patients

Irritant and allergic reactions from cream bases observed in eczema patients are reviewed. The frequency of allergic reactions to the ingredients of vehicles in eczema patients is an indication of allergic potential for normal skin. Against this background, hypoallergenic fragrances are still very difficult to produce and a proper mixture for epicutaneous testing is lacking. Among preservatives, parabens are obviously safer and less allergenic than chlorocresol and sorbic acid. Propylene glycol (PG) is very popular for its many beneficial properties. However, it is also an irritant and a sensitiser. The exact number of allergic delayed type reactions is difficult to establish because primary irritant epicutaneous test reactions often closely resemble allergic reactions. By doing epicutaneous tests with serial dilutions of PG and by making peroral challenge tests, the number of eczema patients allergic to PG has been estimated to be as high as 1%. Glycerol is much less active in producing toxic and allergic skin reactions. Common non-ionic emulsifiers and higher fatty alcohols cause allergic contact dermatitis occasionally. The allergenic properties of these substances have not yet been examined experimentally. It seems, however, that there are only small differences between the various emulsifying agents. Les allergies et réactions de toxicité causées par les constituants des crèmes sur les sujets atteints de dermatoses     

Sulfamic acid as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the ring opening of epoxides with amines and anilines: An easy synthesis of β-amino alcohols under solvent-free conditions

Application of sulfamic acid as an efficient and green catalyst for the ring opening of epoxides by aliphatic and aromatic amines under solvent-free conditions is described. In this process the use of basic neutralization agent was not required due to the intrinsic zwitterionic property of sulfamic acid. The salient features of this methodology are cheaper process, easy availability of the catalyst, versatility, and the catalyst can be recovered after completion of the reaction and can be recycled without affecting the catalytic property.     

Hydrogen‐Bonding‐Driven Enantioselective Resolution against the Kazlauskas Rule To Afford γ‐Amino Alcohols by Candida rugosa Lipase

Most lipases resolve secondary alcohols in accordance with the “Kazlauskas rule” to give the R enantiomers. In a similar manner to other lipases, Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) exhibits R enantioselectivity towards heptan‐2‐ol, although the enantiomeric ratio (E) is low (E=1.6). However, unexpected enantioselectivity (i.e., S enantioselectivity, E=58) of CRL towards 4‐(tert‐butoxycarbonylamino)butan‐2‐ol, which has a similar chain length to heptan‐2‐ol, has been observed. To develop a deeper understanding of the molecular basis for this unusual enantioselectivity, we have conducted a series of molecular modeling and substrate engineering experiments. The results of these computational and experimental analyses indicated that a hydrogen bond between the Ser450 residue and the nitrogen atom of the carbamate group is critical to stabilize the transition state of the S enantiomer.     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of 3‐(Tri‐n‐ butylstannyl)allyl Acetates,Aldehydes, and Triorganoboranes: An Alternative to the Carbonyl Allylation Using α,γ‐Substituted Allylic Tin Reagents

A three‐component reaction of 3‐(tri‐n‐butylstannyl)allyl acetates, aldehydes, and triorganoboranes in the presence of a palladium‐Xantphos catalyst system predominately gave (E)‐anti‐homoallylic alcohols with high diastereoselectivity and good to high levels of alkene stereocontrol. An efficient chirality transfer was observed when an enantioenriched substrate was employed. The reaction was initiated by the formation of an allylic gem‐palladium/stannyl intermediate, which subsequently underwent allylation of the aldehyde by an allyltributyltin followed by a coupling reaction of the in‐situ‐generated (E)‐vinylpalladium acetate with the triorganoborane.

     

Improved Second Generation Iron Pincer Complexes for Effective Ester Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation of esters to alcohols with a well‐defined iron ^iPr2PNP pincer complex has been recently reported by us and other groups. We now introduce a novel and sterically less hindered ^Et2PNP congener that provides superior catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of various carboxylic acid esters and lactones compared to the known complex. Successful hydrogenation proceeds under relatively mild conditions (60 °C) with lower catalyst loadings.

     

Production of pharmaceuticals: Amines from alcohols in a continuous flow fixed bed catalytic reactor

This paper reports the use of an immobilised ruthenium complex in a continuous flow process for the N-alkylation of morpholine with benzyl alcohol. The ruthenium-based catalyst was supported on a phosphine bound polymer. Screening experiments were first performed in a batch reactor, with a 16 vol% mixture of morpholine and benzyl alcohol (stoichiometric molar ratio of 1:1) in toluene as the solvent. Operating at 110 °C for 24 h, it was shown that high conversions (>99%) into the desired tertiary amine could be achieved. This reaction was then shown to be viable in a continuous flow reactor, where the catalytic polymer beads were retained in the bed. Operating at 150 °C and using p-xylene as a solvent, the conversion into the desired tertiary amine was shown to be as high as 98%. This approach is clearly very promising, as it provides a greener and more atom efficient route for the production of secondary and tertiary amines in the pharmaceutical industry.     

CuI与2,2,6,6四-甲基氮氧自由基催化H2O2氧化醇类

开发了一种使用清洁氧化剂H2O2,以CuI与2,2,6,6-四甲基氮氧自由基（简称TEMPO）共催化氧化醇类合成醛酮香料化合物的方法。以苯甲醇催化氧化合成苯甲醛为例,探讨各种条件对该类反应的影响和反应机理。得出在苯甲醇1.08g（10mmol）,CuI0.095g（0.5mmol）,TEMPO0.046g（0.3mmol）,CH2Cl210mL,室温搅拌下滴加H2O2（30%）20mmol,反应8h,经硅胶色谱柱分离,得到无色液体（苯甲醛）1.0g（94%）。产物结构经质谱和核磁表征确认。通过此例挖掘H2O2的氧化潜能,考察体系反应条件对转化率、选择性与产率的影响以及体系所适用的范围。