肯特评分法在输油管道风险评价中的应用及改进

介绍了肯特评分法及其评价步骤,利用肯特法吴起-延炼原油管输工程进行了风险评价.通过对肯特模型计算方法中风险分值换算的改进,使相对风险值处于0～100分的范围,且改进公式表示分值越大、风险越高,易于理解,适合我国输油管道的实际情况.应用实例表明,改进公式和原有模型评价结果一致.     

Ag@SiO_2核壳纳米粒子的制备与表征

以NaBH4作还原剂,TEOS为前体,采用反相微乳液法制得粒径50～100nm的Ag@SiO2核壳纳米粒子,其中Ag核为面心立方结构,壳层为无定形SiO2。考察催化剂加入的先后和微乳液R值(R=n水/n表面活性剂)对Ag@SiO2核壳纳米粒子形成的影响。用TEM、UV-Vis、XRD对纳米粒子的形貌及性质进行表征。结果表明:催化剂若先于TEOS加入,易得到Ag@SiO2核壳纳米粒子,随着R值的增加,Ag核的粒径变大,纳米粒子逐渐由单核变成多核。催化剂若后于TEOS加入,则形成负载型Ag/SiO2复合物。Ag核被SiO2壳包覆后的等离子共振吸收峰发生了微弱红移。而当壳厚80nm时,由于SiO2的散射作用,吸收峰会发生蓝移。     

Double emulsion (W/O/W) gel stabilised by polyglycerol polyricinoleate and calcium caseinate as mangiferin carrier: insights on formulation and stability properties

Mangiferin (MGF) is a phenolic compound isolated from mango, but its poor solubility significantly limits its use. In this study, MGF was embedded into the inner aqueous phase of W₁/O/W₂ emulsions. Firstly, the dissolution method of MGF was determined. MGF remained stable in solution with pH 13 at 30 min, and its solubility reached 10 mg mL⁻¹. When the pH of MGF solutions was adjusted from pH 13 to pH 6, MGF did not immediately crystallise, providing sufficient time to construct the MGF-loaded W₁/O/W₂ emulsions. Subsequently, the MGF-loaded W₁/O/W₂ emulsions were constructed using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and calcium caseinate (CAS). The formation and stability of the W₁/O/W₂ emulsions were investigated. The MGF-loaded W₁/O/W₂ emulsions stabilised with 1% PGPR and 1% – 3% CAS exhibited a low viscosity, limited loading capacity, and poor stability. Conversely, the MGF-loaded W₁/O/W₂ emulsions stabilised by 3%PGPR–3%CAS exhibited optimal loading capacity (encapsulation efficiency = 95.31% and loading efficiency = 0.91%) and stability, which was attributed to the fact that high viscosity and gel state retarded the migration of inner aqueous phase. These results indicated that the W₁/O/W₂ emulsions stabilised by PGPR and CAS may be a potential alternative for encapsulating mangiferin.     

Impact of iron encapsulation within the interior aqueous phase of water-in-oil-in-water emulsions on lipid oxidation

Iron (Fe³⁺) was encapsulated within the internal aqueous phase of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions, and then the impact of this iron on the oxidative stability of fish oil droplets was examined. There was no significant change in lipid droplet diameter in the W/O/W emulsions during 7 days storage, suggesting that the emulsions were stable to lipid droplet flocculation and coalescence, and internal water diffusion/expulsion. The initial iron encapsulation (4 mg/100 g emulsion) within the internal aqueous phase of the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions was high (>99.75%), although, a small amount leaked out over 7 days storage (≈10 μg/100 g emulsion). When W/O/W emulsions were mixed with fish oil droplets the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) formed decreased (compared to fish oil droplets alone) by an amount that depended on iron concentration and location, i.e., no added iron < iron in external aqueous phase < iron in internal aqueous phase. These differences were attributed to the impact of W/O droplets on the concentration and location of iron and lipid oxidation reaction products within the system.     

Al-W二元系的机械合金化

用机械合金化方法由元素粉末制备了Ａｌ１ － ｘ Ｗｘ（ ｘ ＝ ０ ．１ ,０ ．２ ,０ ．５ ,０ ．９） 合金。用Ｘ 射线衍射法对球磨后的粉末进行了分析, 并用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了形貌并研究了晶相结构。结果表明, 球磨后Ａｌ 在Ｗ 中的固溶度大大扩展, 但球磨到２５０ｈ 该系统仍未形成非晶; Ａｌ０ ．５ Ｗ０ ．５ 粉末经２５０ ｈ球磨后出现一结构为体心四方的新相。热力学计算表明该系统不能形成非晶     

等温退火对Ni-P、Ni-W-P镀层的晶粒尺寸和显微硬度的影响

研究了不同镀态结构的Ni-P、Ni-W-P镀层经等温退火后，其晶粒尺寸和硬度随退火时间的变化规律，镀层的热稳定性以及成分、结构和晶粒尺寸对镀层硬度的影响规律。结果表明，W元素可以促进Ni-P合金的非晶化，显著提高Ni-P镀层的硬度；Ni-（W）-P体系纳米晶镀层具有较好的热稳定性；等温退火获得的三元Ni-W-P单相纳米晶镀层在耐磨、耐蚀性能方面均优于同类非晶态镀层。     

Characterization and frictional behavior of nanostructured Ni–W–MoS2 composite coatings

Ni–W–MoS₂ composite coatings were obtained by pulse plating from a Ni–W electrolyte containing suspended MoS₂ particles. The coating composition, morphology, crystalline structure, microhardness and frictional behavior were studied as a function of MoS₂ concentration. The results obtained in this study indicate that co-deposited lubricant particles strongly influenced the composite Ni–W coating properties. It was found that increasing co-deposited MoS₂ diminished tungsten content in the coating and consequently increased the average grain size. Ni–W nanostructured coatings with high MoS₂ content have a porous sponge-like structure, high surface roughness and irregular frictional behavior. However, the friction coefficient of Ni–W coatings is reduced to half its value with low MoS₂ content.     

大体积分数碳化物钢W6Mo5Cr4V2Al的压缩超塑性

对工业用高速钢W6Mo5Cr4V2Al进行了超塑性压缩实验,考察了温度、应变速率对流变应力的影响,并测定了W6Mo5Cr4V2Al钢中碳化物的体积分数.结果表明,在780～840℃,应变速率(1.5～7.5)×10-4s-1范围内,大体积分数碳化物钢W6Mo5Cr4V2Al显示了一定的压缩超塑性.     

高温合金中钛铌钨和钼的某些晶界析出行为

采用晶粒表面的萃取碳复型技术，观察研究了钛在一种具有大晶粒尺寸的高温合金中的晶界析出行为－晶界（Ti,Mo）C脆性包膜的形成和效应；不同含量的铌对一种高温合金晶界析出相类型、形貌分布、成分和数量的影响；分析讨论了钨和钼等元素对某些高温合金晶界碳化物和硼化物的析出行为存在的直接作用和间接作用。     

紫钨生产的亚微米级钨粉和碳化钨粉的形貌

用紫钨可以生产出亚微米级的钨粉和碳化钨粉。通过不同的制样手段 ,使用透射电镜和扫描电镜研究了用紫钨生产的钨粉和碳化钨粉的形貌变化。发现钨和碳化钨粉形状复杂 ,多为树枝状或链状颗粒团形式 ,碳化钨粉中有较多的晶体缺陷。