Surgical Robotics: An Introduction

Surgical robots assisting surgeons during operations are being used in selected medical fields like neurosurgery, orthopaedics and endoscopy. In an introductory part, the authors present a workflow for robot assisted surgery, which includes the steps: image data acquisition, image processing, surgical planning and the actual robot assisted intraoperative transposition. Each step of the workflow comprises different computer aided methods and apparatuses, which are presented in this paper. The following part focuses on different mechanical set-ups and various application fields for surgical robots. They include neurosurgery, orthopaedic surgery, radiosurgery and radiotherapy, prostatectomy, endoscopy, laparoscopy, cardiac surgery and craniofacial surgery.     

石油钻进中平行水平井垂直距离测定方法研究

针对蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)中注气井和产油井垂直距离的测距问题,提出了通过磁通门感应旋转磁信标中产生的交变磁场来进行垂直距离测距.并利用磁通门三轴感应输出值来计算2井眼之间的垂直距离,使注汽井和产油井的井眼轨迹保持在一定的范围内.由于钻具铁磁性材料会对距离测量产生误差,用当地磁场来对干扰磁场进行距离测量的校正,实验测量表明,该校正方法能在磁性材料干扰的环境下获得准确的垂直距离,具有简单、有效、实用的特征.     

Auto-scanning and visualizing system for the acoustic field of transducer

This paper presents an automatic scanning and visualizing system for ultrasound field of a planar piston transducer. This system consists of a water tank with wedge absorber, stepper motors driver, system controller, a planar piston transducer, a needle-type hydrophone and data processing software. Our software realizes the processing and displaying of ultrasonic data, which are acquired by adjusting accurately positions of the hydrophone and transducer that are driven by stepper motors. And the ultrasonic field is represented by employing 1D, 2D or 3D graphs of data, respectively. Experimental results show that this auto-scanning and visualizing system provides a more spatial structure of ultrasonic field and reveals a more characteristic of ultrasonic beam radiated by the planar piston transducer.     

不同方法提取樟树落叶挥发油的比较

采用水蒸气蒸馏法（HD）、微波辅助-水蒸气蒸馏法（MAHD）和微波无溶剂提取法（SFME）提取樟树落叶挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱及峰面积归一化法对挥发油成分进行分析鉴定.实验结果表明,3种方法提取的挥发油提取率接近,水蒸气蒸馏法为0.98％,微波辅助-水蒸气蒸馏法为1.12％,微波无溶剂提取法则为1.04％.3种方法提取的挥发油共鉴定出29种化合物,单萜类氧化物和倍半萜氧化物为挥发油的主要成分;HD所得挥发油中香樟醇、桉树叶醇、樟脑和α-松油醇的质量分数分别为25.58％、21.26％、16.79％和11.19％,MAHD为26.29％、28.72％、15.64％和10.16％,SFM为17.74％、17.74％、17.74％和12.46％.不同方法提取的樟树落叶挥发油提取率及成分总体相近,但也存在一定差异,这为进一步开发利用樟树落叶提供了一定的实验依据.     

光辅助引发制备高相对分子质量聚丙烯酸钠

以丙烯酸和氢氧化钠为原料,过硫酸铵、亚硫酸氢钠和V-50为引发剂,采用光辅助引发聚合法对聚丙烯酸钠的制备进行了研究。考察了各引发剂配比、pH值、反应温度等对聚合结果的影响,得到的较佳反应条件为:pH=7,(NH4)2S2O8与NaHSO3质量分数总和为0.075%,V-50质量分数0.02%,m((NH4)2S2O8)∶m(NaHSO3)=2∶1,反应温度20℃,单体质量分数35%。在上述较佳条件下,产物的相对分子质量可达1 340万,溶解时间26min。     

Epitaxial growth of CeO2/yttria-stabilized ZrO2 double layer films on biaxially textured Ni tape via electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition

Epitaxial growth of CeO₂ and yttria-stabilized ZrO₂ (YSZ) double layer films has been successfully carried out on biaxially textured nickel substrates at a temperature between 400 and 600 °C using electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition method. The structure of the double layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that highly oriented CeO₂/YSZ double buffer films were formed epitaxially onto biaxially textured Ni substrates. The orientation relationships between YSZ layer and Ni substrate are 001_YSZ//001_Ni and 110_YSZ//100_Ni, while the orientation relationships between CeO₂ and YSZ are 001_CeO2//001_YSZ and 100_CeO2//100_YSZ.     

Templated Self‐Assembly of Block Copolymers: Top‐Down Helps Bottom‐Up

One of the key challenges in nanotechnology is to control a self‐assembling system to create a specific structure. Self‐organizing block copolymers offer a rich variety of periodic nanoscale patterns, and researchers have succeeded in finding conditions that lead to very long range order of the domains. However, the array of microdomains typically still contains some uncontrolled defects and lacks global registration and orientation. Recent efforts in templated self‐assembly of block copolymers have demonstrated a promising route to control bottom‐up self‐organization processes through top‐down lithographic templates. The orientation and placement of block‐copolymer domains can be directed by topographically or chemically patterned templates. This templated self‐assembly method provides a path towards the rational design of hierarchical device structures with periodic features that cover several length scales.