Preventive knock protection technique for stationary SI engines fuelled by natural gas

In a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, spark ignition engines must operate at their maximum power to reduce the pay back time. Because of environmental and economic concerns, engines are set with high compression ratios. Consequently, optimal operating conditions are generally very close to those of knock occurrence and heavy knock can severely damage the engine piston.There are two main protection techniques: the curative one commonly used by engine manufacturers and well documented in the literature and the preventive one based on a knock prediction according to the quality of the supplied gas. The indicator used to describe gas quality is the methane number (MN). The methane number requirement (MNR) of the engine is defined, for an engine set (spark advance, air-fuel ratio, and load), as the minimum value of MN above which knock free operation is ensured. To prevent knock occurrence, it is necessary to adapt the engine tuning according to variable gas composition. The objective of the present work is to validate the concept of knock preventive protection. First, a prediction of MNR according to engine settings (ES) is computed through a combustion simulator composed of a thermodynamic 2-zone model. Predicted MNR are compared to experimental results performed on a single-cylinder SI gas engine and show good agreement with numerical results (uncertainty below 1 point). Then, the combustion simulator is used to generate a protection mapping. At last, the knock preventive protection was successfully tested.     

硫酸法烷基化与固体酸烷基化工艺比较

分析了几种烷基化工艺的技术特点,对不同技术的优缺点进行了详细的对比阐述,为烷基化工艺的选择提供参考。     

一种基于循环自相关分析的雷达编队目标架次估计

在研究编队目标回波多普勒频率变化的基础上,提出一种基于循环自相关分析的编队目标架次估计新方法.该方法利用编队目标回波可近似看作多个频率相近、幅度恒定、调频系数相等的LFM信号叠加的特点,采用循环自相关估计回波信号的调频系数,再利用分数阶傅立叶变换对编队目标架次进行估计.该方法计算简单,易于工程实现,相对Fourier变换和WVD具有较高的分辨能力.实测数据实验表明了方法的有效性,实现了较短数据长度下的雷达编队目标架次的有效估计.     

应用于UHF RFID标签的低功耗真随机数发生器

设计了一种基于振荡采样法的真随机数发生器.针对UHF RFID标签芯片功耗低、面积小的特点,利用简单有效的电路结构增强发生器的随机性.采用频率受控的被采样数据振荡器与采样时钟异或后形成初步随机数,并增加异或链输出负反馈结构,有效提高了输出序列中"0""1"分布的均匀性,降低了序列的自相关性.标签采用SMIC 0.18μm RF CMOS工艺设计并流片,采样时钟为2MHz,总工作电流少于2μA.     

基于改进K-均值算法的未知雷达信号分选

针对K-均值算法需要事先确定聚类的数目,无法适用于未知雷达信号分选的问题,通过引入脉冲间欧几里德距离和距离阈值TMS2812,完成聚类数目和聚类中心的自动选取,给出一个K-均值的改进算法,改进后的算法既收敛速度快,易于工程化实现,又可自动确定聚类数目和聚类中心。仿真实验表明,该改进算法提高了K-均值算法的适用范围,能够有效适应于未知雷达信号的分选。     

钢混结构地震损伤评价多元联系数模型

基于集对分析理论,选取整体损伤指数、最大层间位移角、滞回耗能循环次数和楼层能量集中指数作为评价指标,建立了钢混结构地震损伤评价的多元联系数集对分析模型。模型将多指标表示成一个能从总体上衡量损伤级别的n元联系数,用层次分析法确定指标权重,从主客观两方面定量计算地震损伤程度。将模型应用于对4种不同型式的结构进行分析,该评价模型严谨,评价结果合理、分辨率高,是钢混结构地震损伤评价的有效方法。     

自行走式隧道施工中装配式塑料管道合理支护形式试验研究

采用装配式塑料管道为新型自行走式隧(管)道施工提供配套支护技术.需要研究管道的支护强度、管道变形等相关参数.将整体聚乙烯(PE)中空壁缠绕管沿管壁轴向切割成片,再焊接拼装成环.选择管道周向的分片数目和拼装角度作为试验的2个因素,采用双因素实验方法,并参考管道环刚度测试方法,在环刚度试验机上对分片拼装后的管道进行承压实验.以塑料管道在径向变形最大达到15%时的承载力为承载极限,经对实验结果分析后选出合理的管道拼装分片数目和角度.结果表明,拼装角度对强度的影响最为显著,分片数目次之.合理支护形式为:管道周向均分成4片,并将4条分割缝分别置于与水平和铅垂方向旋转45°的位置.     

BP神经网络技术在城市建筑热环境研究中的应用

本文针对现代城市中越来越严重的热岛现象与能源问题,首先分析了北京市近60年的温度资料,可知60年来城区内的年平均温度升高了2.28℃,温度增幅为0.38℃/10 a。而后综合考虑城市建筑热环境的各种影响因素,利用BP神经网络技术建立了城市尺度下针对建筑热环境(温度)的预测模型,并对以往的数学模型和计算方法进行了改进。在改进后的预测模型中,通过枚举法选择隐含层最佳神经元个数,用贝叶斯正规化算法进行了网络训练,结果表明:与BP神经网络基本的L-M优化算法相比,该算法有较高的泛化能力和准确性,更适合于这一问题的研究。     

Impact of retention on trans‐column velocity biases in packed columns

The heights equivalent to a theoretical plate of a weakly and strongly retained compounds were measured on two packed columns having different average mesopore sizes. The measurements were carried out in two different cases, with access to the mesopores by the sample molecules blocked (filled with n‐nonane) or not. The experimental results demonstrate that the eddy dispersion terms of both columns are significantly smaller for porous than for nonporous particles. Two simultaneous phenomena explain this observation. First, packed columns are radially heterogeneous which causes significant trans‐column velocity biases warping the bands. Second, radial dispersion contributes to mass transfer across the column, relaxing the radial concentration gradients that are caused by these velocity biases. The impact of these biases is minimized when the pores of the particles are not blocked; it decreases with increasing residence time and radial dispersion coefficient of the solutes. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

正弦扫描试验中分段扫描方法探讨

从试验的角度出发,对正弦扫描振动试验的有关技术做了初步的探讨。以一个实际的例子为例,介绍了正弦扫描振动试验中的重要参数并给出了计算方法。对一次扫描和分段扫描的方法进行了对比,并说明了在何种情况下两者是否等效的问题,而且给出了明确的结论。