Reuse rate of treated wastewater in water reuse system

A water quality model for water reuse was made by mathematics induction. The relationship among the reuse rate of treated wastewater（R）, pollutant concentration of reused water（ Cs ）, pollutant concentration of influent（ C0）, removal efficiency of pollutant in wastewater（ E）, and the standard of reuse water were discussed in this study. According to the experiment result of a toilet wastewater treatment and reuse with membrane bioreactors, R would be set at less than 40%, on which all the concerned parameters could meet with the reuse water standards. To raise R of reuse water in the toilet, an important way was to improve color removal of the wastewater.     

Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.     

极端干旱水文年(2011年)夏季珠江口溶解氧的分布特征及影响因素研究

气候变化背景下,极端气候事件对河口生态环境的影响已引起许多研究者的关注.基于2011年夏季的调查资料,分析了珠江口在极端干旱情况下溶解氧的分布特征及其与海水稳定性、营养盐和浮游植物分解之间的关系,并对河口底层低氧区的成因进行初步探讨.调查结果发现,在珠江特低径流量的情况下,珠江口邻近海域底层明显出现低氧状态,DO的最低值仅为1.38 mg.L-1.相关性分析显示,表层水和底层水之间的ΔDO与ΔT、ΔS、ΔDIN、ΔSS和ΔPOC都达到显著相关的水平,其中ΔDO与ΔT和ΔPOC呈极显著的正相关,而与ΔS呈极显著的负相关关系.研究表明,与1999年和2009年夏季不同,2011年夏季珠江口底层低氧环境的形成主要与极端干旱气候下低径流导致河口水体滞留时间延长及颗粒态有机物质在沉降过程中的分解耗氧有关.另外,从最低DO值的角度分析,珠江口季节性缺氧程度在过去20 a间并未呈现显著的变化趋势.     

Effects of organic matter on Leymus chinensis germination,growth, and urease activity and available nitrogen in coastal saline soil

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of three organic matters (stalk powder, microbial fertilizer, and manure) on Leymus chinensis germination, growth, and urease activity and available nitrogen (N) in coastal saline soil. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments: J₀V₀Y₀, J₁V₀Y₀, J₀V₁Y₀, J₀V₀Y₁, J₁V₁Y₀, J₁V₀Y₁, J₀V₁Y₁, J₁V₁Y₁. The notations were based on the quantities of each agent added to 1 kg of coastal saline soil: J₀ – no straw powder, J₁ – 0.2 kg straw powder, Y₀ – no manure, Y₁ – 0.3 kg manure, V₀ – no microbial fertilizer, V₁ – 0.2 L microbial fertilizer, each in quantic repeat. L. chinensis was sown as 50 seeds per pot. Results indicated that addition of organic agents exerted a significantly enhanced germination, increase in fresh weight and elevated soil urease activity. Soil available N levels were significantly positively correlated with soil urease activity and fresh weight, but not with germination rate. It is noteworthy that the halophyte L. chinensis showed improved characteristics when grown in coastal saline soil with addition of organic amendments.     

Development of heat transfer and evaporation model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam

Natural gas is a kind of clean, efficient green energy source, which is used widely. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is produced by cooling natural gas to −161 °C, at which it becomes the liquid. Once LNG was released, fire or explosion would happen when ignition source existed nearby. The high expansion foam (Hi-Ex foam) is believed to quickly blanket on the top of LNG spillage pool and warm the LNG vapor to lower the vapor cloud density at the ground level and raising vapor buoyancy. To identify the physical structure after it contacted with LN₂ and to develop heat transfer model, the small-scale field test with liquid nitrogen (LN₂) was designed. In experiment, three layers including frozen ice layer, frozen Hi-Ex layer and soft layer of Hi-Ex foam were observed at the steady state. By characterizing physical structure of the foam, formulas for calculating the surface of single foam bubble and counting foam film thickness were deduced. The micro heat transfer and evaporation model between cryogenic liquid and Hi-Ex foam was established. Indicating the physical structure of the frozen ice layer, there were a certain number of icicles below it. The heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model between the frozen ice layer and LNG was derived. Combining models above with the heat transfer between LNG, ground and cofferdam, the heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam was developed eventually. Finally, LN₂ evaporation rate calculated by this model was compared with the measured evaporation rate. The calculated results are 1.2–2.1 times of experimental results, which were acceptable in engineering and proved the model was reliable.     

基于实时控制技术的CANON工艺稳定性运行

为保证出水水质稳定并提高氨氮去除率,实现CANON工艺的优化,利用SBR反应器进行了基于实时控制技术的CANON工艺稳定性研究.试验过程中,温度控制在30℃±1℃,pH 7~8,通过反应过程中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和pH、DO、ORP的变化规律,制定了可行的实时控制策略.结果表明,进水氨氮浓度为917~1 540 mg·L~(-1)时,以6 mg·L~(-1)的剩余氨氮浓度作为控制参数可以满足工艺稳定性的要求,但氨氮传感器存在费用昂贵和误差较大等问题.采用pH、DO和ORP曲线的平台和特征点作为自控参数,可以维持CANON工艺的长期稳定运行,保证氨氮去除率平均维持在99%以上且出水水质稳定.     

从经济学角度对比中国与美国的能源消费

分析了中关两国能源消费总量和能源结构的差异,探讨了中关两国能源消费差异的经济学内涵,认为经济指标GDP并不能完全反映人们生活水平的提高,而其带来的环境问题却很可能影响后续的经济发展。因此,在发展经济的同时,应该充分考虑能源需求给环境带来的压力。适当调整能源结构、提高能源效率和发展替代能源是未来能源消费战略的重中之重,也是经济、环境和社会协调发展的重要保障。     

SRT影响MBR有机污染物去除速率研究

通过考察污泥停留时间(SRT)对膜生物反应器(MBR)和粉末活性炭膜生物反应器(PAc-MBR)降解有机物速率的影响,探讨了污泥活性与胞外聚合物(EPS)的关系.结果表明:MBR和.PAC-MBR中COD降解速率随SRT延长均呈先上升后下降的趋势,分别在39～48d和48d时达到最快,对应速率常数为2.586和3.856,PAC-MBR中COD降解速率普遍高于MBR,说明投加PAC使污泥活性提高,SRT对污泥活性影响较大;MBR和PAC-MBR中胞外聚合物质量浓度与COD降解速率常数K1变化趋势一致,且胞外聚合物质量浓度与K1呈良好正相关关系,说明系统的胞外聚合物质量浓度可以作为衡量污泥活性的指标.     

好氧颗粒污泥处理青霉素废水研究

青霉素在其生产过中产生大量的废水,其COD值较高,生化性较差,成分复杂,微生物难以降解,其处理技术是世界性难题。文章采用以葡萄糖模拟废水培养的好氧颗粒污泥为接种体,经青霉素废水逐步驯化后,使其完全处理青霉素废水。实验结果表明,应用好氧颗粒污泥技术,处理青霉素废水,COD,NH3_N,TP去除率较高,具有很好的处理效果。