单一及复合重金属污染对土壤酶活性的影响

采用外源添加重金属和室内培养的方法研究重金属Cd、Pb对滩涂盐渍土脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响,为中国沿海地区土壤重金属污染的监测及重金属对潜在生态环境影响等方面的研究提供参考依据。重金属Cd添加至土壤的质量分数为0、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg.kg-1,重金属Pb添加至土壤的质量分数为0、100、200、400 mg.kg-1,采用完全随机区组设计,3次重复。结果表明：重金属质量分数较低时,单一重金属对土壤脲酶活性具有促进,对过氧化氢酶活性具有抑制作用;重金属质量分数较高时,对土壤脲酶活性具有抑制作用,对土壤过氧化氢酶具有促进作用。重金属Cd、Pb对土壤酶活性的影响存在交互作用,重金属Cd对土壤脲酶活的性影响起主导作用,重金属Pb对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响起主导作用。经逐步回归分析,有效态重金属的质量分数低水平时,土壤脲酶活性与重金属Cd呈现显著负相关;土壤过氧化氢酶活性与重金属Pb呈现显著正相关。     

细叶蜈蚣草对悬沙胁迫的生理生态学研究

研究了悬沙对细叶蜈蚣草(Egeria nojas)营养生殖、叶绿素、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶)等影响。实验结果表明:悬沙处理96h后,各组细叶蜈蚣草断枝均能发芽,其发芽率均在60%以上,悬沙浓度<4.0g/L时,断枝新芽生长较好,悬沙浓度>6.0g/L时,新芽生长受到影响;各组细叶蜈蚣草叶片的叶绿素a和叶绿素b以及总叶绿素含量均相差不大,叶绿素a/b值都在2.50以上,属于正常范围,变化幅度不大;各试验组中细叶蜈蚣草SOD和CAT相差不大,相对比较稳定,受到影响较小。因此,细叶蜈蚣草对悬沙胁迫具有较好的抗逆性,是一种在含沙量较高水体的生态修复实践中具有良好应用前景的水生植物。     

波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性与构象的影响

为初步探讨波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶的作用机理及变化规律,采用人工模拟和荧光光谱法研究了波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性特征及构象的影响.结果表明:1)不同浓度波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性总体呈现低浓度激活、高浓度抑制作用.不同配制方式波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性抑制效应顺序为多倍量式>倍量式>半量式>等量式.浓度为200mg·kg-1左右的等量式波尔多液处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响最小.2)24h培养时间下,随波尔多液浓度的增加,酶促反应米氏常数Km和最大反应速率Vmax均呈先减小后增大趋势.统计分析表明,Km和Vmax均与波尔多液浓度呈显著正相关(p<0.01),土壤过氧化氢酶Km值可表征波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度,其作用机理为反竞争性抑制类型.3)波尔多液对离体过氧化氢酶的内源荧光有较强的猝灭作用,Cu(Ⅱ)和离体过氧化氢酶的结合常数K及结合位点数n分别为69.1831mol·L-1和0.6878.     

Plant steroid hormones produced under Ni stress are involved in the regulation of metal uptake and oxidative stress in Brassica juncea L

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are involved in the amelioration of various biotic and abiotic stresses. With an aim to explore the role of BRs under heavy metal stress, plants of Brassica juncea L. were grown in pots. The plants were subjected to various concentrations of Nickel metal (0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mM) and harvested on 60th day in order to observe the expression of these hormones. The isolated BRs from the leaves of Brassica plants characterized by GC-MS include 24-Epibrassinolide (24-EBL), Castasterone, Dolicholide and Typhasterole. The effect of isolated 24-EBL was studied on Ni metal uptake and antioxidative defense system in 60 d old plants of Brassica. It was observed that 24-EBL significantly increased the activities of stress ameliorating enzymes and lowered the metal uptake in plants. This is the first report in B. juncea L. plants showing the expression of BRs under metal treatments and effect of the isolated 24-EBL on metal uptake and in oxidative stress management.     

Biochemical studies on the terrestrial snail,Eubania vermiculata (müller)treated with some pesticides

Abstract

The in vivo effects of methomyl, thiodicarb and metaldehyde on total soluble proteins, total lipids and glycogen content, in addition, the activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, (GOT), (GPT) glutamic pyruvic transaminase and catalase (CAT) enzymes of terrestrial E. vermiculata snails was studied. The experimental snails were treated with low concentration of 0.2% bran bait w/w of the pesticides for a period of 1,3,5,7 and 10 days. The results showed that methomyl and thiodicarb lead to significant reduction in total soluble proteins, lipids, and glycogen content, while significant increases in the activity of all enzymes tested were noted. Metaldehyde treatment showed no significant effect on total soluble proteins, lipids and GOT level, whereas a significant increase in GPT and CAT enzymes was observed. Also, metaldehyde resulted a significant reduction in glycogen content of snails.     

Accumulation of mercury and its effect on antioxidant enzymes in brain,liver, and kidneys of mice

Abstract

The effect of mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) on the activities of catalase, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and its effect on glutathione (GSH) content were evaluated in different organs (liver, kidneys, and brain) of mice after administration at 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day for 14 days. The uptake of mercury shows that the kidneys accumulated the highest levels of mercury compare to brain and liver. The enzyme levels varied in mercury treated organs compare to control. A dose dependent increase of antioxidant enzymes occurred in the liver and kidneys. The increase in enzyme activities correlated with highest mercury accumulation in the kidneys and liver. Mercury is known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo and in vitro, therefore, it is likely that enzyme activities increased to scavenge ROS levels produced as a result of mercury accumulation. Glutathione content increased in liver and kidneys of mercury treated mice compare to control. The results showed that the highest oral dose of mercury significantly increased antioxidant enzymes in kidneys and liver. The increased antioxidant enzymes enhance the antioxidant potential of the organs to reduce oxidative stress.     

Hydroxytyrosol, the phenolic compound of olive oil protects human PBMC against oxidative stress and DNA damage mediated by 2,3,7,8-TCDD

The protective effect of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a strong antioxidant compound from extra virgin olive oil, against TCDD induced toxicity was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC (1 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹) were divided into four groups and were incubated in a CO₂ incubator (5% CO₂) for 12 h with vehicle, TCDD (10 nM), TCDD + HT (10 nM + 100 μM) and HT alone (100 μM) respectively. To clarify the role of HT against TCDD induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and the levels of antioxidant enzymes were assessed. Incubation of PBMC with TCDD significantly decreased cell viability, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation products (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whereas, HT had an effective antioxidant property as observed by the increased cell viability, normalization of antioxidant enzymes and decreased levels of LPO, PCC and ROS in PBMC co-treated with HT and TCDD. Apoptosis detection and comet assay results shows that HT, by acting as an antioxidant, prevents the damage to DNA induced by TCDD. In addition light microscopic and histopathological observations revealed that the cells are apoptotic and degenerated during TCDD treatment, whereas cells showed intact morphology during co-treatment with HT. On the whole, the results reveal that HT exerts a promising antioxidant potential in protecting the PBMC against TCDD induced oxidative stress, which might be due to the presence of catechol moiety in its structure.     

非离子型表面活性剂AE对大薸损伤程度的酶学诊断

以超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和过氧化物酶 (POD)的比活力变化作为观测指标 ,进行了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚 (AE)对大薸 (PistiastratiotesL .)损伤程度的酶学诊断 .结果表明 :在 17℃下 ,ρ(AE) 0 .1mg L的AE对大薸的伤害程度极微 ;ρ(AE)为 1.0、10 .0mg L时 ,大薸受到较大的伤害 ,但能逐渐恢复正常生理活动 ;ρ(AE)为 2 0 .0、5 0 .0mg L时 ,由于伤害程度大 ,超出了酶的修复能力 ,组织逐渐坏死 .同时推测 :在AE污染下 ,大薸的POD是起保护作用的主导酶 .图 3表 1参 12     

溴硝醇对土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响

研究了溴硝醇农药施入土壤后,土壤中脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化情况。结果表明:低浓度1mg/kg时,施入溴硝醇对土壤脲酶表现为激活—抑制—激活—恢复过程,而对过氧化氢酶活性则一直表现出一定激活作用。高浓度20mg/kg时,则对土壤脲酶活性表现为抑制—恢复过程,而对过氧化氢酶活性表现为抑制—激活—恢复的过程,这种抑制作用随着溴硝醇浓度的增高而增强。在过氧化氢酶被激活的阶段,溴硝醇浓度越高则被激活率也越高,然后随着时间的延长逐步得到恢复。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶都对溴硝醇比较敏感。     

氟中毒家蚕过氧化氢酶活性的变化

运用在人工饲料中定量添加氟化物的方法 ,探讨了氟对家蚕血液过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明 :氟能引起家蚕血液过氧化氢酶活性的显著增强 ,并随添氟浓度的增加而增强 ,间隔添氟、停止添氟不能减轻这种诱导作用 ,添食石灰能减轻氟对血液过氧化氢酶活性的影响。