近地层臭氧浓度升高对麦田土壤氨氧化与反硝化细菌活性的影响

利用臭氧FACE(free-air O3concentration enrichment,开放式空气臭氧浓度增高)试验平台,研究近地层臭氧浓度(臭氧摩尔分数平均为70 nmol.mol-1)升高对小麦不同生育期植株氮吸收量,土壤w(全氮)、w(矿质氮)、脲酶活性、氨氧化细菌数量、反硝化细菌数量以及小麦成熟期土壤硝化与反硝化作用强度的影响。结果表明,与对照(臭氧摩尔分数平均为45 nmol.mol-1)相比,臭氧浓度升高条件下小麦不同生育期氮吸收量总体趋于升高,土壤w(全氮)、w(铵态氮)和w(硝态氮)总体趋于下降,在小麦成熟期土壤w(全氮)和w(铵态氮)分别比对照下降9%和71%(P0.05),而w(硝态氮)比对照下降36%;臭氧浓度升高使小麦不同生育期土壤脲酶活性总体趋于增强,在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期均显著高于对照(P0.05);随着小麦的生长,臭氧熏蒸土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌数量也趋于升高,在小麦成熟期均显著高于对照(P0.05)。在小麦成熟期,尽管臭氧熏蒸土壤单个氨氧化细菌的硝化活性比对照下降57%,但土壤整体硝化强度却比对照提高123%;臭氧熏蒸土壤反硝化作用强度与对照相比无明显差异,但单个反硝化细菌的反硝化活性却比对照降低96%,达显著水平(P0.05)。认为臭氧浓度升高促进了小麦对土壤氮素的吸收,导致土壤氮素库存量降低,进而加快了土壤中氮素的转化,表现为脲酶活性升高,氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌数量增加,但它们的代谢活性反而下降。     

水分胁迫对燥红土和变性土上生长的玉米叶片几种酶活性的影响

采用盆栽控制试验，研究了不同处理条件下，水分胁迫对金沙江干热河谷典型土壤(燥红土和变性土)生长的玉米(Zea mays L.)叶片中几种酶活性的影响．结果表明：(1)在一定的水分胁迫范围内，玉米叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASP)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均随着土壤含水量的降低而升高，但过度胁迫时，酶活性降低；(2)随着土壤含水量降低，玉米叶片中保护酶活性的变化规律略有差异，这与二者的土壤物理性质有关；(3)施肥处理和栽培方式对玉米叶片的酶活性有影响，增施有机肥和Zn肥可提高适度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片中POD、CAT、ASP和PPO活性．图4参35     

蚯蚓抗菌肽EABP-1的分离纯化及部分性质

经硫酸铵沉淀、超滤和阳离子交换分离 ,得到了一蚯蚓抗菌肽EABP 1,该肽的最大紫外吸收在 2 77.16nm ,SDS PAGE结果表明其Mr≈ 2 0× 10 3,精确的分子量没有确定 .最小抑菌浓度 (ρMIC)实验表明 ,EABP 1对鹑鸡肠球菌(Enterococcusgallinarum)、绿脓杆菌 (Pseudomonaspyocyanea)、鲍氏不动 (Acinetobacterbaumanii)、土生克雷伯 (Kleb siellaterrigena)的 ρMIC为 11.4μg/mL ,对粪肠球菌 (Enterococcusfaecalis)的 ρMIC为 2 2 .8μg/mL ,对真菌白色念株菌(Candidaalbicans)没有表现为完全的抑制作用 .图 1表 1参 10     

絮凝剂产生菌培养基的研究

进行了微生物絮凝剂培养基类型选择试验和培养基成分正交试验，实验结果显示，高糖低氮的培养基有利于产絮凝剂，单糖尤其是葡萄糖对产絮凝剂影响最大，果糖缺少时也不利于絮凝剂的产生；氮源以有机氮源如酵母膏、蛋白胨为宜。利用正交实验得出培养基成分最佳配比，图1表4参14。     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (leguminosae)

Seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum were subjected to steam distillation to obtain a light yellow essential oil in a yield of 3 ml/kg of seeds. The major components of the oil were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were furfural, limonene, linalool, estragole, carvone, and apiole with carvone representing more than 50% of the total composition. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were determined against four species of gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and two gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia Marcescencs). The essential oil inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria but was most effective against the gram positive bacteria. Chemicals that are responsible for the antibacterial effect of the essential oil were determined using the bio-autography thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique. The active compounds responsible for the activity were found to be carvone and estragole.     

Fenton溶液预处理对TiO2纳米管催化活性的影响

采用Fenton溶液对TiO2纳米管电极进行预处理,研究其对TiO2纳米管催化活性的影响,考察了Fenton溶液的浓度、配比和处理时间等影响因素,研究了Fenton预处理过程中溶液中二价铁和总铁的含量变化,运用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)对TiO2纳米管电极进行了表征,初步探讨了经处理后TiO2纳米管催化活性再生或增强的机理.结果表明,经Fenton溶液处理后的TiO2纳米管催化活性有明显地提高,Fenton溶液浓度越高,TCs降解率越大(相应于TiO2纳米管催化活性的增强);在一定浓度范围内,H2O2的配比高低对TCs降解率影响较大,其所占比例高,则降解率高,而Fe2+配比高低对TCs降解率影响相对较小.在Fenton溶液处理过程中,溶液中剩余的Fe2+含量较为恒定,总铁的含量呈下降趋势.XPS分析表明,经Fenton溶液处理后,TiO2纳米管电极表面C1s含量降低,O1s、Fe2p含量增大;部分含碳官能团含量明显降低,O1s的电子结合能向高能端位移.     

荧光抗辐射菌的构建及其稳定性

将构建的抗辐射菌属-大肠杆菌间的泛用穿梭表达载体pZTGL2导入抗辐射菌Deinococcus grandis,进行了荧光标识抗辐射菌的构建及其在没有抗生素的非选择性培养基中继代培养后的稳定性分析.结果表明,导入泛用穿梭表达载体pZTGL2后的D.grandis具有荧光活性,荧光标识的D.grandis在没有抗生素的培养基中经14 d继代培养后的最佳培养温度及其生长状况等生物学特性与未标识的D.grandis没有明显差异.进一步对荧光标识D.grandis在非选择性培养基中经14 d继代培养后的稳定性进行了调查,结果表明:荧光标识的D.grandis在没有抗生素的培养基中经过14 d的继代培养后的荧光活性与没有经过继代培养的荧光标识的D.grandis无显著差异,而且也没有改变荧光标识的D.grandis对γ-射线的抗性.由以上结果认为:成功构建了荧光标识的抗辐射菌D.grandis,荧光标识的D.grandis在非选择培养基中继代培养后仍能表现出良好的结构稳定性.图4表1参18     

用改进的TRAP法测定树木端粒酶活性

TRAP法是一种常用的测定端粒酶活性的方法,但并不太适合测定木本植物的端粒酶活性.因此以油松针叶为实验材料,对TRAP法进行改进.参照前人的研究通过对比实验证明,在端粒酶提取过程中将PEG8000加入上清液,可获得高效的端粒酶.在此基础上,对PCR先导引选择TS、模板浓度选择100 ng,最终获得油松针叶高质量的端粒酶PCR产物.应用SYBR Green I替代银染液对电泳凝胶进行染色,获得条带清晰、重复性好的电泳结果.通过对油松针叶、银杏叶片、胡杨愈伤组织、沙冬青悬浮细胞等4种木本植物实验材料进行测定,证明该改进的技术体系可能是适合于木本植物端粒酶活性测定的稳定的、灵敏度高的可行方法.图5表1参17     

Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on earthworm Eisenia fetida: responses of the antioxidant system,acid phosphatase and ATPase

Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles has received growing attention in recent years. This study investigated the influence of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) on earthworm Eisenia fetida. The experiment was performed with five test groups: control (without Ag-NP), 10?nm Ag-NP groups (20, 100 or 500?mg?kg^?1) and positive control (787?mg?kg^?1 AgNO₃). After 14-day acute exposure, activities of various enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), acid phosphatase (AP), and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were determined. Effects of Ag-NP with different sizes (10 and 80?nm) were also tested. Data showed that the activity of GR was significantly lower at 500?mg?kg^?1. The activities of AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were inhibited following the increase of Ag-NP concentration. When treated with Ag-NP with different sizes, activities of AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase of the 10?nm group were significantly lower than the control group, but those of the 80?nm group were similar to the control group. Data indicate that Ag-NP may be harmful to the earthworm E. fetida at 500?mg?kg^?1, and the toxicity of Ag-NP with 10?nm size is greater than 80?nm. In addition, AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase are sensitive biomakers to the effects of Ag-NP.