江汉平原高砷地下水系统沉积柱中砷分布研究

研究在江汉平原中部的仙桃市沙湖镇沙湖农场南洪村、洪湖市黄家口镇姚河村钻凿3个深度约为30 m的钻孔,采集不同深度代表性岩土样(单孔内取样间距为2 m),采用用银盐法测定沉积物样品中砷含量。研究结果表明,该研究区域沉积物中砷含量范围为1.500～17.289mg/kg,与典型的现代松散型沉积物中砷含量相当(5¹0 mg/kg);砷含量最大值均出现在泥土层,最小值均出现在沙层,表明沉积物样品中砷含量与岩性有密切关系。     

华北平原典型城市(石家庄)地下水重金属污染源解析与健康风险评价

地下水重金属污染已引起全球的广泛关注,重金属来源解析及其健康风险评估将为地下水中重金属污染的精准防控提供数据和方法支撑.因此,选取华北平原典型城市——石家庄作为研究区,筛选20个样点,利用APCS-MLR模型和健康风险模型解析评估了石家庄市地下水中10种重金属的污染源及其健康风险.结果表明：①石家庄市地下水中典型重金属的浓度均值排序为：Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Al>Pb>Cr>As>Cd>Hg,其中ρ（Fe）和ρ（Pb）的均值分别为260.3 μg ·L^-1和10.01 μg ·L^-1;根据单因子和内梅罗指数,Pb、Fe和Cd是石家庄市地下水主要的污染重金属;②重金属浓度范围为47.30~2560 μg ·L^-1;就空间分布而言,重金属浓度在S3处最高（2560 μg ·L^-1）,而在S9处最低（47.30 μg ·L^-1）;③污染源解析结果表明：工农业活动、交通排放和地质背景是石家庄市地下水中重金属的3个主要来源,其中工农业活动对重金属的累积贡献率最大（47.83%）;④除工农业活动来源的重金属对成人造成潜在威胁（HI>1）外,其余来源的重金属对成人和儿童造成的非致癌风险均处于可接受水平（HI<1）,而致癌风险对成人和儿童均存在潜在威胁;工农业活动是非致癌风险（成人：52.46%,儿童：52.45%）和致癌风险（成人：65.22%,儿童：65.69%）的主要贡献者,其中Cd和As的致癌风险较高.因此,为了保障石家庄地下水环境安全,需严格控制污染来源,进一步加强地下水中重金属污染的风险管控.     

黄泛平原的土壤侵蚀灾害及防治对策

本文阐述了黄泛平原土壤侵蚀的特点，对侵蚀的形式、程度及严重危害，作了比较详细的分析，并从宏观上提出了一些防治对策。     

A study of farmers' flood perceptions based on the entropy method: an application from Jianghan Plain,China

Using survey data from 280 farmers in Jianghan Plain, China, this paper establishes an evaluation index system for three dimensions of farmers' flood perceptions and then uses the entropy method to estimate their overall flood perception. Farmers' flood perceptions exhibit the following characteristics: (i) their flood‐occurrence, flood‐prevention, and overall flood perceptions gradually increase with age, whereas their flood‐effects perception gradually decreases; (ii) their flood‐occurrence and flood‐effects perceptions gradually increase with a higher level of education, whereas their flood‐prevention perception gradually decreases and their overall flood perception shows nonlinear change; (iii) flood‐occurrence, flood‐effects, and overall flood perceptions are higher among farmers who serve in public offices than among those who do not do so; (iv) the flood‐occurrence, flood‐effects, and overall flood perceptions of farmers who work off‐farm are higher than those of farmers who work solely on‐farm, contrary to the flood‐prevention perception; and (v) the flood‐effects and flood‐prevention perceptions of male farmers are lower than those of female farmers, but the flood‐occurrence and overall flood perceptions of male farmers are higher than those of female farmers.     

基于模糊数学的德阳市平原地下水环境质量评价

通过调查德阳市浅层地下水环境,采取79组地下水水样并进行水质分析,选取其中10个评价指标,采用模糊数学评价方法,以MATLAB为计算平台,对德阳市平原地下水进行综合评价,得出区内Ⅰ类水样占总数的22.8%;Ⅱ类占38.0%;Ⅲ类占22.8%;Ⅳ类占2.5%;Ⅴ类占13.9%,地下水水质以中等偏好为主,结合综合指数法对比分析表明模糊数学评价法更加综合合理。区内地下水污染趋势由西向东逐渐加强,污染较严重主要集中于西南部和城市周边区域。导致区内地下水污染的主要因素是Fe、Mn、总硬度、三氮等指标。     

三江平原作物收获期大气颗粒物浓度特征

通过对2013年10月东北三江平原农作物收获期大气颗粒物的在线监测,结合卫星火点数据与后向轨迹模拟,分析了秸秆燃烧和作物收割等农业活动对大气颗粒物质量浓度及粒径分布的影响.结果表明:作物收获前期?中期和后期大气PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为36.0,158.3,33.8μg/m3;现场观测表明,水稻收割(321.1μg/m3)和秸秆燃烧(2777.1μg/m3)时监测田块内PM2.5的平均浓度分别是收割前和燃烧前平均浓度的2.5倍和11.5倍;卫星火点及后向轨迹分析发现,观测期间PM2.5与该地区卫星火点数量的变化趋势比较一致,且气团轨迹经过火点较集中区域时测得较高的PM2.5浓度值;对不同粒径(<1μm,1~2.5μm,2.5~10μm)大气颗粒物质量浓度的观测表明,收获中期受大面积秸秆燃烧的影响,0~1 μm粒径组分明显增加,而收获后期由于降水过程对0~1μm粒径颗粒物的清除效率较低,故该粒径颗粒物仍维持较高比例.     

三江平原湿地不同土地利用生境地表甲虫群落结构

2007年6月至9月,对三江平原湿地6种不同土地利用生境下地表甲虫群落结构的调查结果显示,所采集的1 646个地表甲虫标本隶属25科,其中步甲、隐翅虫和叩甲3科个体数量较多,分别占总数的52.9%、20.1%和10.8%,共同构成本研究区的优势类群。对该甲虫群落的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数的分析结果表明,大豆田地表甲虫数量最多,松树林最少;物种丰富度以白桦-蒙古栎林最高,杨树林最低;多样性指数以田埂最高,杨树林最低;均匀度指数以田埂最高,杨树林最低。土地利用方式对地表甲虫数量、多样性有显著影响,对均匀度无显著影响;季节变化对地表甲虫数量无显著影响,但对地表甲虫多样性和均匀度有显著影响。     

河北平原土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析

在环境地球化学研究中,自然异常与人为异常往往同时存在,因此要判断环境污染状况,从自然异常中分离人为异常是十分重要的。文章根据重金属元素的环境地球化学行为,采用富集因子来判别河北平原表层土壤中重金属的人为污染情况。以4 km^2为一个评价单元,选择Zr为标准化元素,分别以河北太行山区岩石平均值及该评价单元所对应的深层土壤样品的分析值为地球化学背景,计算得到了河北平原表层土壤中重金属元素的两组富集因子值,分别用EF和CEF表示。结果表明,除As、Ni外,其它重金属元素的EF和CEF分布特征基本一致。按CEF计算结果,该区表层土壤约有50%的区域（约40 000 km^2）发生了1级轻微的重金属污染;As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn约有1%～5%的少部分区域发生了2级中度以上重金属污染;Cd、Hg达到2级中度污染的面积为河北平原总面积的14.7%和49.6%,达到3级显著污染级别以上分别为1.1%（880 km^2）和12.6%（10 080 km^2）。重金属污染主要分布在工矿区（如冀东北部地区的铁矿集区、白洋淀及周边的小冶炼厂集中区）、污灌区（如唐海县的Cd异常、石家庄及其南部的河两岸的多金属异常）、大中城镇（Hg异常）。河北平原的实例研究表明,应用富集因子可有效区分重金属污染的自然影响和人为影响。     

Differing Effects of Cattle Grazing on Native and Alien Plants

Abstract:   Habitat managers use cattle grazing to reduce alien plant cover and promote native species in California grasslands and elsewhere in the western United States. We tested the effectiveness of grazing as a restoration method by examining the effects of herbivory on native and alien plants. At Carrizo Plain National Monument, California, we surveyed native and alien species cover in adjacent grazed and ungrazed areas. We also established experimental plots in which plants were clipped or mulch (dead biomass) was removed. In addition, we clipped plants grown in pots and plants in the field that grew with and without competitors. Native species were negatively affected by clipping in 1999, 2000, and 2001, whereas alien species were unaffected. In the experimental field plots, the European annual forb Erodium cicutarium compensated in growth and reproduction following simulated herbivory. In contrast, growth and reproduction of the native perennial bunchgrass Poa secunda were reduced 1 year after clipping. In pots, E. cicutarium overcompensated and grasses undercompensated. In the field, European grasses were unaffected by the removal of competitors. It is unclear by what mechanism E. cicutarium was able to compensate, but the ability may be related to its basal rosette growth form and indeterminately growing inflorescences. The native California grassland community assembled in the absence of grazing herds, whereas invasive European species have been exposed to grazing for centuries. It may be that these invaders have adaptations that better enable them to recover from grazing. In the grassland we studied, the strategy of livestock grazing for restoration is counterproductive. It harms native species and promotes alien plant growth.     

华北平原典型农业区土壤甲烷通量研究

利用静态箱法原位测定了华北农田不同施肥处理夏玉米和冬小麦生长季土壤甲烷的通量。结果表明 ,施肥农田夏玉米和冬小麦生长季甲烷通量分别为 -79.8和 -2 1.6μg·(m2 ·h) - 1 ,年平均通量为 -4 3 .1μg·(m2 ·h) - 1 。未施肥农田夏玉米和冬小麦生长季甲烷通量分别为 -110 .0和 -88.2 μg·(m2 ·h) - 1 ,年平均通量为 -95 .2 μg·(m2 ·h) - 1 。在不同生长季 ,各处理农田土壤甲烷通量均为负值 ,即土壤为大气甲烷的吸收“汇” ,在各个生长季施肥农田对甲烷的吸收量均低于未施肥农田 ,各处理冬小麦生长季土壤对CH4 的吸收量均低于同一处理的夏玉米生长季的吸收量 ;各处理甲烷通量具有较明显的季节变化 ,5月上旬至 9月中旬 ,土壤的甲烷吸收能力较强 ,其他时间吸收量较低 ;施肥土壤约比未施肥土壤对甲烷的氧化吸收能力降低 2 7%～ 76% ;试验区域内较大降水在一定时期内促进了土壤对甲烷的氧化