Strengthening housing finance in emerging markets: the savings and credit cooperative organisation (SACCO) model in Kenya

Abstract

Savings have long been an essential source of funding for credit. Whether in Europe, North America, Africa, Asia or Latin America, community-based financial institutions have relied on deposits to make financial services accessible to moderate-income borrowers. Despite the foundational role savings and loans have had in financial sector development, emerging markets have largely overlooked the important role these institutions can have in providing shelter credit in their own contexts. Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisations (SACCOs) in the Republic of Kenya illustrate the potential model for deposit-based lending to deliver housing finance for many of the country’s underserved prospective borrowers. This study draws upon the experiences of several savings and loan associations in the industrialized world with applications towards improving the Kenyan SACCO model that provides the most extensive credit union loans on the African continent. The article concludes community finance institutions merit strong consideration towards helping overcome the housing finance sector underdevelopment too often experienced in the developing world.     

Selection of funding schemes by a borrowing decision model: a Hong Kong case study

In financial decision‐making, a number of mathematical models have been developed for financial management in construction. However, optimizing both qualitative and quantitative factors and the semi‐structured nature of construction finance optimization problems are key challenges in solving construction finance decisions. The selection of funding schemes by a modified construction loan acquisition model is solved by an adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) approach. The basic objectives of the model are to optimize the loan and to minimize the interest payments for all projects. Multiple projects being undertaken by a medium‐size construction firm in Hong Kong were used as a real case study to demonstrate the application of the model to the borrowing decision problems. A compromise monthly borrowing schedule was finally achieved. The results indicate that Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Loan Guarantee Scheme (SGS) was first identified as the source of external financing. Selection of sources of funding can then be made to avoid the possibility of financial problems in the firm by classifying qualitative factors into external, interactive and internal types and taking additional qualitative factors including sovereignty, credit ability and networking into consideration. Thus a more accurate, objective and reliable borrowing decision can be provided for the decision‐maker to analyse the financial options.     

A cash-constrained stochastic inventory model with consumer loans and supplier credits: the case of nanostores in emerging markets

We consider a small traditional retailer that is managing its inventory under strict cash constraints, mainly because typically informal loans are offered to customers. These stores are widely present in emerging markets, and we refer to them as nanostores (also called ‘mom-and-pop stores’). As the suppliers require immediate payments for goods delivered, a nanostore can only replenish products to the level for which it has on-hand cash available. To improve delivery efficiency, a supplier might offer a nanostore credit for its replenishments. However, currently, suppliers are often reluctant to do so as these nanostores quickly go bankrupt or disappear, hence defaulting on all outstanding credits. The objective of this paper is to determine when it is beneficial to offer supplier credits. We propose a multi-period, stochastic inventory model, and numerically compare scenarios with and without supplier credits. Our study shows that even in the presence of this risk, suppliers often have good incentives to provide these credits, even if interest is not incurred. For this to hold, the operations of the retailer should be (a little) profitable in the first place, for which we provide analytical conditions.     

析汉语洋化现象

世界上任何一种有生命的语言都会随着社会的发展而不断地变化着。变化的途径之一就是借用外来词。文章重点分析讨论了汉语吸收英语外来词的方式、汉语逐渐洋化现象及对此现象的不同看法。     

辽宁民族地区农村小额直贷业务存在的八大问题

小额直贷是小额信贷的一种形式,它在辽宁民族地区农村扶贫帮困工作中已经发挥起积极的作用.但由于各种因素的制约,它的正常发展仍受到一定的阻碍,形成这种阻碍的因素主要有大多数贷款项目的贷款额偏低、扶植范围仍然明显偏窄、还贷期限较短、贷款利率明显偏低、信贷管理工作与小额直贷的工作要求不相适应、放贷项目选择与扶贫目标之间常出现偏差等等.     

关于国家助学贷款若干问题的思考

对我国现行国家助学贷款制度存在的问题进行了认真的分析，找出了政策的内在矛盾，并提出了相应的见解：完善法律法规，确保助学贷款政策的连续性；积极探索新型助学贷款运作模式；积极推行生源地助学贷款模式；全社会齐抓共管，共同防范贷款风险。     

以大样本数据的cohort study探讨消费性小额信用贷款的逾期因素

金融机构获利的稳定,健全与持续的授信质量影响很大,全球性新巴塞尔资本协议(New Basel Capital Accord)的推动及主管机关要求金融机构改善资产质量及合并政策的影响下,使台湾的金融业进入激烈合并竞争的时代。消费性贷款随着社会趋势的发展日益增大,为了探讨消费性小额授信户逾期还款行为。这里运用台湾地区两家商业银行1996—2001年间的授信户样本数据,采用retro-prospective cohort study以修正前学者采用Case-control study的限制,及配合新巴塞尔资本协议(New Basel Capital Accord)下金融全球化的规定。结果发现样本数大小会影响logis-tic模型的显著性因素及适合度。另外也发现Logistic regression模型预测能力,其逾期案件预测结果正确预测率达70.0%,66.95%及71%,另在整体正确预测率从67.3%和69.85%增至72.1%。因此,以大样本retro-prospective cohort study所发现的影响因素及预测能力的稳定性,较符合新巴塞尔资本协议规定及科学程序。     

龙滩水电站工程融资和资金使用管理

龙滩水电站工程80％的建设资金来源于银行贷款，融资费用较高。因此，必须优化债务结构，减少利息支出；加速资金周转，提高资金使用效率；严格工程投资控制制度和工程预算管理制度；加强资金使用管理，以控制和降低工程造价。     

利用世行贷款 推动小水电发展

浙江省顺利完成了中国可再生能源规模化发展项目试点——浙江小水电世行贷款项目。文章回顾了浙江小水电世行贷款项目的实施情况,总结了实施该项目的主要做法及管理模式,并提出了试点项目的有关建议。     

建设期借款利息计算方法探讨

针对目前通用的建设期借款利息计算方法,结合资金时间价值、名义利率和实际利率说明目前建设期借款利息计算方法中相关规定的真实含义.